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AP Bio CED Unit 6
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| ___, and in some cases RNA, is the primary source of heritable information. IST 1.K.1 | DNA |
| ___ information is stored in and passed to subsequent generations through DNA molecules and, in some cases, RNA molecules. IST 1.K.2.a | Genetic |
| Prokaryotic organisms typically have ___ chromosomes. IST 1.K.2.b | Circular |
| Eukaryotic organisms typically have multiple ___ chromosomes. IST 1.K.2.b | Linear |
| Prokaryotes and eukaryotes can contain ___, which are small extra-chromosomal, double-stranded, circular DNA molecules. IST 1.K.3 | Plasmids |
| ___ pairs with thymine or uracil. IST 1.L.1 | Adenine |
| ___ pairs with guanine. IST 1.L.1 | Cytosine |
| ___ have a double ring structure. IST 1.L.1.a | Purines |
| ___ have a single ring structure. IST 1.L.1.b | Pyrimidines |
| DNA ___ ensures continuity of hereditary information. IST 1.M.1 | Replication |
| DNA is synthesized in the _’ to _’ direction. IST 1.M.1.a | 5 3 |
| Replication is a ___ process—that is, one strand of DNA serves as the template for a new strand of complementary DNA. IST 1.M.1.b | Semiconservative |
| ___ unwinds the DNA strands. IST 1.M.1.c | Helicase |
| ___ relaxes supercoiling in front of the replication fork. IST 1.M.1.d | Topoisomerase |
| DNA polymerase requires RNA ___ to initiate DNA synthesis. IST 1.M.1.e | Primers |
| DNA ___ synthesizes new strands of DNA continuously on the leading strand and discontinuously on the lagging strand. IST 1.M.1.f | Polymerase |
| ___ joins the fragments on the lagging strand. IST 1.M.1.g | Ligase |
| The ___ of the RNA bases, together with the structure of the RNA molecule, determines RNA function. IST 1.N.1 | Sequence |
| ___ molecules carry information from DNA to the ribosome. IST 1.N.1.a | mRNA |
| ___ molecules bind specific amino acids and have anti-codon sequences that base pair with the mRNA. IST 1.N.1.b | tRNA |
| tRNA is recruited to the ___ during translation to generate the primary peptide sequence based on the mRNA sequence. IST 1.N.1.b | Ribosome |
| ___ molecules are functional building blocks of ribosomes. IST 1.N.1.c | rRNA |
| Genetic information flows from a sequence of nucleotides in DNA to a sequence of bases in an mRNA molecule to a sequence of ___ ___ in a protein. IST 1.N.2 | Amino Acids |
| RNA polymerases use a single template strand of DNA to direct the inclusion of bases in the newly formed RNA molecule. This process is known as ___. IST 1.N.3 | Transcription |
| The DNA strand acting as the ___ strand is also referred to as the noncoding strand, minus strand, or antisense strand. IST 1.N.4 | Template |
| Selection of which DNA strand serves as the template strand depends on the___ being transcribed. IST 1.N.4 | Gene |
| The enzyme RNA polymerase synthesizes mRNA molecules in the 5’ to 3’ direction by reading the template DNA strand in the _’ to _’ direction. IST 1.N.5 | 3 5 |
| In eukaryotic cells the mRNA transcript undergoes a series of enzyme-regulated ___. IST 1.N.6 | Modifications |
| Addition of a poly-A ___. IST 1.N.6.a | Tail |
| Addition of a GTP ___. IST 1.N.6.b | Cap |
| Excision of ___. IST 1.N.6.c | Introns |
| Splicing and retention of ___. IST 1.N.6.c | Exons |
| Excision of introns and splicing and retention of exons can generate different versions of the resulting mRNA molecule; this is known as ___ splicing. IST 1.N.6.d | Alternative |
| ___ of the mRNA to generate a polypeptide occurs on ribosomes that are present in the cytoplasm of both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells and on the rough endoplasmic reticulum of eukaryotic cells. IST 1.O.1 | Translation |
| In ___ organisms, translation of the mRNA molecule occurs while it is being transcribed. IST 1.O.2 | Prokaryotic |
| Translation involves energy and many sequential steps, including ___, elongation, and termination. IST 1.O.3 | Initiation |
| Translation involves energy and many sequential steps, including initiation, ___, and termination. IST 1.O.3 | Elongation |
| Translation involves energy and many sequential steps, including initiation, elongation, and ___. IST 1.O.3 | Termination |
| The ___ features of translation include: IST 1.O.4 | Salient |
| Translation is initiated when the rRNA in the ribosome interacts with the mRNA at the ___ ___. IST 1.O.4.a | Start Codon |
| The sequence of nucleotides on the mRNA is read in triplets called ___. IST 1.O.4.b | Codons |
| Each codon encodes a specific ___ ___, which can be deduced by using a genetic code chart. IST 1.O.4.c | Amino Acid |
| Many ___ ___ are encoded by more than one codon. IST 1.O.4.c | Amino Acids |
| Nearly all living organisms use the same genetic code, which is evidence for the common ___ of all living organisms. IST 1.O.4.d | Ancestry |
| tRNA brings the correct amino acid to the correct place specified by the codon on the ___. IST 1.O.4.e | mRNA |
| The amino acid is transferred to the growing ___ chain. IST 1.O.4.f | Polypeptide |
| The process continues along the mRNA until a ___ ___ is reached. IST 1.O.4.g | Stop Codon |
| The process terminates by release of the newly synthesized polypeptide/___. IST 1.O.4.h | Protein |
| Genetic information in retroviruses is a special case and has an alternate flow of information: from RNA to DNA, made possible by reverse ___, an enzyme that copies the viral RNA genome into DNA. IST 1.O.5 | Transcriptase |
| This DNA integrates into the ___ genome and becomes transcribed and translated for the assembly of new viral progeny. IST 1.O.5 | Host |
| Regulatory sequences are stretches of DNA that interact with regulatory ___ to control transcription. IST 2.A.1 | Proteins |
| ___ changes can affect gene expression through reversible modifications of DNA or histones. IST 2.A.2 | Epigenitic |
| The phenotype of a cell or organism is determined by the combination of ___ that are expressed and the levels at which they are expressed. IST 2.A.3 | Genes |
| Observable cell ___ results from the expression of genes for tissue-specific proteins. IST 2.A.3.a | Differentiation |
| Induction of ___ factors during development results in sequential gene expression. IST 2.A.3.b | Transcription |
| Both prokaryotes and eukaryotes have groups of genes that are ___ regulated. IST 2.B.1 | Coordinately |
| In prokaryotes, groups of genes called ___ are transcribed in a single mRNA molecule. IST 2.B.1.a | Operons |
| In eukaryotes, groups of genes may be influenced by the same transcription factors to coordinately ___ expression. IST 2.B.1.b | Regulate |
| ___ are DNA sequences upstream of the transcription start site where RNA polymerase and transcription factors bind to initiate transcription. IST 2.C.1 | Promoters |
| ___ ___ molecules inhibit gene expression by binding to DNA and blocking transcription. IST 2.C.2 | Negative Regulatory |
| Gene regulation results in differential gene ___ and influences cell products and function. IST 2.D.1 | Expression |
| Certain small RNA molecules have roles in ___ gene expression. IST 2.D.2 | Regulating |
| Changes in ___ can result in changes in phenotype. IST 2.E.1 | Genotype |
| The function and amount of gene products determine the ___ of organisms. IST 2.E.1.a | Phenotype |
| The normal function of the genes and gene products collectively comprises the normal function of ___. IST 2.E.1.a.i | Organisms |
| Disruptions in genes and gene products cause new ___. IST 2.E.1.a.ii | Phenotypes |
| Alterations in a DNA sequence can lead to changes in the type or amount of the ___ produced and the consequent phenotype. IST 2.E.2 | Protein |
| DNA mutations can be positive, negative, or neutral based on the effect or the lack of effect they have on the resulting nucleic acid or protein and the ___ that are conferred by the protein. IST 2.E.2 | Phenotypes |
| Errors in DNA replication or DNA repair mechanisms, and external factors, including radiation and reactive chemicals, can cause random ___ in the DNA. IST 4.A.1 | Mutations |
| Whether a mutation is detrimental, beneficial, or neutral depends on the environmental ___. IST 4.A.1.a | Context |
| Mutations are the primary source of genetic ___. IST 4.A.1.b | Variation |
| ___ in mitosis or meiosis can result in changes in phenotype. IST 4.A.2 | Errors |
| Changes in ___ number often result in new phenotypes, including sterility caused by triploidy, and increased vigor of other polyploids. IST 4.A.2.a | Chromosome |
| Changes in chromosome number often result in human disorders with ___ limitations, including Down syndrome/Trisomy 21 and Turner syndrome. IST 4.A.2.b | Developmental |
| Changes in genotype may affect phenotypes that are subject to ___ selection. IST 4.B.1 | Natural |
| Genetic changes that enhance ___ and reproduction can be selected for by environmental conditions. IST 4.B.1 | Survival |
| Horizontal acquisition of genetic information from uptake of naked DNA. IST 4.B.1.a | Transformation |
| Horizontal acquisition of genetic information by viral transmission. IST 4.B.1.a | Transduction |
| Horizontal acquisition of genetic information from cell-to-cell transfer of DNA. IST 4.B.1.a | Conjugation |
| Horizontal acquisition of genetic information from movement of DNA segments within and between DNA molecules. IST 4.B.1.a | Transposition |
| Related viruses can combine/recombine genetic information if they infect the same ___ cell. IST 4.B.1.b | Host |
| Reproduction processes that increase genetic ___ are evolutionarily conserved and are shared by various organisms. IST 4.B.1.c | Variation |
| Genetic engineering techniques can be used to analyze and ___ DNA and RNA. IST 1.P.1 | Manipulate |
| ___ separates molecules according to size and charge. IST 1.P.1.a | Electrophoresis |
| During polymerase chain reaction (PCR), DNA fragments are ___. IST 1.P.1.b | Amplified |
| ___ ___ introduces DNA into bacterial cells. IST 1.P.1.c | Bacterial Transformation |
| DNA ___ determines the order of nucleotides in a DNA molecule. IST 1.P.1.d | Sequencing |
Created by:
rileyhengel
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