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N103 test 1 (GRCC
N103 test 1 (GRCC): Nutrition
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Basic nutrition | Carbohydrates, Fats and proteins |
| Metabolism | complex of biochemical occuring in the body's cells. (anabolism or catabolism. Process of producing and using energy within body cells. |
| mechanics of Metabolism | Ingest food, then digest food, absorb nutrients and transported to liver where nutrients are metabolized to produce energy. |
| Carbohydrates | Primary source of energy |
| Carbohydrates come from | Plant foods, includes sugars, starches, simple and complex |
| Carbohydrates amount of calories needed to produce energy. | 4 Kcal of energy per gram |
| Lack of Carbohydrates | Causes tissue wasting from protein breakdown and metabolic acidosis from excess ketones as a by-product of fat breakdown. |
| Lack of Carbs Signs & symptoms | Weak and deconditioned |
| Metabolic acidosis | Low PH that causes ketones to develop. There is a pH imbalance in which the body has accumulated too much acid and does not have enough bicarbonate to effectively neutralize the effects of the acid. |
| Proteins - complete | Made up of 23 amino acids. Examples: animal products, eggs, milk and meat. |
| proteins - incomplete | less than 23 amino acids. Legumes, nuts, grains, cereals, vegetables. |
| Results when combining two incomplete proteins | Complete protein (23 amino acids) .Example of 1 complete protein (23 amino acids)when combining beans and rice. |
| Protein uses | Body forms connective tissue & muscles, make enzymes, hemoglobin, plasma proteins, and some hormones. |
| Protein energy use | 4 Kcal of energy per gram |
| TPN | Total Parental nutrition - Nutrition feedbag enteral feeding system. |
| Negative nitrogen balance | Breakdown and loss of protein in body. A condition in which nitrogen output exceeds nitrogen intake, resulting in the body’s need to draw on its own stores of protein for energy. |
| Negative nitrogen balance | may be caused by dietary imbalances, illness, infection, anxiety, or stress. |
| Saturated fats | animal products, milk, meats, coconut and palm. |
| Unsaturated fats | better nutrition from seeds, nuts and vegetable oil. |
| mono-unsaturated fats | Better than unsaturated fats. Example includes olive oil. |
| used in body to absorb fat soluble vitamins as an energy source and to form essential substances | Fat/lipids |
| Essential substances | Fat soluble Vitamin A, D, E, K |
| The amount of calories it takes for Fats/lipids to supply energy to the body. | 9 Kcal energy per gram |
| Lack of fats/lipids | Excessive weight loss and skin lesions. |
| Fats are needed to produce essential substances | Prostaglandin, steroids, salts, hormones |
| Excessive amounts of fat soluble vitamins (A, D, E, K) | Toxicity |
| Water soluble vitamins | Vitamin B-complex, folic acid and C. Excess ends up in urine and can be smelly. |
| Fat and water soluble vitamins | facilitate body to use carbs and proteins. |
| transfat | Oleo (margarine) |
| Minerals | Works with other nutrients to maintain structure and function of body. |
| Minerals | Zinc, Iodine, flouride, selenium, magnesium. |
| Theragrain M | Most common vitamin given in hospital. Most elderly patients will be on it and their urine is smelly. |
| T or F. It's better take vitamins | False. food sources are always preferable to supplements although supplements may be necessary when deficiencies exist. |
| Vitamin D | can come from the sun |
| Vitamin K | Synthesizes in large intestine. |
| Weight will decrease | when energy or food intake is less than energy output. Eat less, exercise more |
| Weight will increase | When energy or food intake is greater than energy output. Eat more than you exercise. |
| An average of 2000 calories/day | MyPyramid.gov- RDA recommended |
| RDA recommended of Grains | 6 ounces of grains |
| RDA recommended of veggies | 2 cups |
| RDA recommended of fruit | 2 cups |
| RDA recommended of milk or equivalent products | 3 cups |
| RDA recommended of meats and beans | 5 ounces |
| RDA recommended of fats | 7 tsps or 32 grams |
| Carbs | Should account for 55-60% total calories- primary energy source |
| Protein | Should account for 12-20% of total calories - essential in growth and repair of tissues |
| Fats | 25-30% total intake- main source of fatty acids, essential for growth and development. |
| Diabetics | Take insulin then eat. |
| ADA diet for diabetes | modifies CHO, fats and total calories in the diet. |
| Low cholestral/low fat diet | Limits fats, especially saturated fats from animal sources. |
| Low sodium diets | No more than 2000-3000 mg per day. Used for clients with CHF. |
| High Fiber diets | Decreases risk of diverticulitis, decreases blood sugar in Diabetes mellitus, prevents and cures constipation. |
| High calorie and fluids | needed for patients with increased temperature and infections. |
| Strategies to modify normal diet | Read labels and look for hidden ingredients like sugar. |
| Clear liquid diet | For pre-surgical patients. Liquids that you can see through (i.e. tea, jello, apple juice, broth, pop (coke) and popsicles) |
| Clear liquid diet for post surgical patients | If patient is tolerant to liquids, then give them progressive diet (levels from liquids to solid diet) |
| Having trouble limiting portion size | Difficulties in adhering to diet |
| Rationalization | Apple pie is like eating a piece of fruit. |
| misinformation | Honey is not sugar. It's okay for diabetics to eat in place of sugar. This is totally false, honey is the same as sugar. |
| Knowledge deficit | Hidden terms |
| Powerful anti-inflammatory and immunosuppressive action when given in high doses | Glucorticoids |
| Hormones that come from adrenal cortex | Glucorticoids |
| Also referred to as steroids | Glucorticoids |
| Helps with Rheumatoid arthritis, systemic lupus, inflammatory bowel disease, eye conditions | Glucorticoids |
| Steroids | Pre-term babies may need this to help with respiratory distress |
| Long term use of steroids | Asthma, cancer or transplants. |
| Short term use of steroids | Inject into infected area such as tendonitis, or bursitis. |
| Carbohydrate metabolism - glucocorticoids effects on | Increases blood in diabetic or non-diabetic. Diabetics blood sugar increases even more , increase of insulin. |
| glucocorticoids effects on Protein metabolism | Suppress protein the synthesis from protein on amino acids,reduces muscle mass, and decreases amount of protein in bone. |
| Glucocorticoids effects on fat metabolism | Stimulates fat breakdown and redistributes fate throughout the body. Causes the moon face, pot belly, skinny arms and legs, and buffalo hump back. |
| Glucocorticoids | Keeps people alive (i.e. transplant patients), reduces pain. |
| Glucocorticoids | Use short term first, but can be used long term. |
| Increased temperature | Causes Metabolism to increases, and should increase amount of fluid intake. |
| DX of infections- signs and symptoms | Increased temperature. Elderly people, temps do not increase much so you need to look at other symptoms. |
| DX of infections- signs and symptoms | Increased drainage around the wound |
| DX of infections- signs and symptoms | sx of inflammation (pain, redness, swelling, heat at the site of infection. |
| DX of infections- signs and symptoms | Increased WBC's (normal wbc are between 5,000-10,000/cubic mmm of blood) |
| WBC of 14,500 | This is an increased WBC which indicates bacterial infection. |
| WBC of 3,000 | This is a decreased WBC indicates viral infection. |
| What symptom could elderly people demonstrate when they have an infection? | Confusion and behavioral changes. |
| Requirement for healing with increased temperature. | Increase calorie and fluid intake. |
| What prevents healing? | protein malnutrition delays wound healing, and increases incidence of infection. commonly there is a nitrogen imbalance. |
| Require protein for healing and repair of tissue, need vitamins, INCREASE FLUID, and drink protein shakes. | Requirement for healing. |
| Normal fluid intake should be 2500 ml/day. Increase fluids to 1000 ml more/day = 3500 ml/ per day. | How much fluid do you need when your temperature is increased. |
| Antibiotic resistant microorganisms | MRSA is the most common (Moxicillin resistant...) and VRSA (Vancomyacin resistant....) |
| Review allergies and culture infection. Preferrable to wait to give antiobiotic till after culture is done and infection is identified. | When do you start treating the infection? |
| Asceptic technique | What helps to prevent introduction of additional mircoorganisms to client. |
| Nosocomial infections | Infections acquired in the hospital. |
| Hospitals are site of extensive use of antibiotics. Bacteria mutate and become resistant. | Reason why nosocomial infections develop |
| Hospital is where invasive behaviors occur that open the risk of infections. | Reason why nosocomial infections develop |
| Some hospital pts have altered immune systems and are more likely to develop infections | Reason why nosocomial infections develop |
| Poor handwashing by caregivers | Reason why nosocomial infections develop |
| Problems with development of Nosocomial | Added expense- insurance will not pay for infections if it happened in the hospital. |
| Problems with development of Nosocomial | Superbugs develop |
| Problems with development of Nosocomial | MRSA started out as a nosocomial, but by now is a community infection. |
| Standard universal precautions | Isolation technique |
| Most important measure in infection control- handwashing before and after giving care | Isolation technique |
| Airborne precautions (TB- placed in negative air flow room) | Isolation technique |
| Droplet precautions | Isolation technique mostly used for influenza/pnueumonia- when persons are breathing out) |
| Contact isolation | Isolation technique- something is draining- wound drain, c-dif |
| Neutrapenic precautions | Isolation technique to protect cancer patients from us so that we don't give them an infection. |
| Long term use of steroids | Adrenal gland quits putting out corticoid steroids- it hybernates. |
| If adrenal glands are not working as a result of steroid use | May need dose or 2 if in emergency room because adrenal glands are not working due to long term use of steroids. |
| Long term use of steroids | osteoporosis may develop in patients and are prone to rib and vertebrae fractures. |
| Adverse effect of steroid use | Steroids mask symptoms of infection. person could be having a serious infection without knowing because of effects of steroids. |
| Adverse effect of steroid use | Glucose intolerance= some degree of resistance to insulin, so you can't move glucose into cells efficiently and utilize it as an efficient body fuel. |
| Adverse effect of steroid use is myopathy | Especially with long term use, mobility & muscle strength effects proximal arms and legs. |
| Long term use of steroids can cause fluid and electrolyte disturbances | signs and symptoms are unusual potassium levels and edema. |
| Adverse effect of steroid use | Causes growth retardation in children- Gary Coleman. |
| Ketones | Ketones are a by-product/or waste product when your body burns stored fat for energy. |
Created by:
Wends1984
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