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PNB chapter 3
Lecture 17
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What is the name of the type of lungs Chelicerates (horseshoe crabs, spiders, ticks, scorpions) have | book lungs |
| Book lungs contain a series of thin plates called what | lamellae |
| Where does oxygen enter to reach the book lungs | spiracles |
| What type of ventilation system in insects has vast networks of air ducts that are throughout the exoskeleton | tracheal systems |
| How does are reach the network of tracheae in insects | enters through open spiracles |
| What does the trachea branch, branch of into | tracheoles |
| The tracheoles branch ends at the WHAT | cells |
| What are tracheoles filled with | hemolymph |
| What is the function of hemolymph in the tracheoles branch | allowing gases to dissolve and cross over into the cells via diffusion |
| What are the three advantages of discontinuous gas exchange in insects | 1. PO2 decrease which allows a O2 increase 2. reduces evaporative water loss 3. limits O2 concentration to a safe minimum |
| What is the use of air sacs in water breathing fish | buoyancy regulation |
| In bony fish that breathed air, what is the name of the duct that connected air sacks to the gut tube | pneumatic duct |
| What is the pneumatic duct homologous to | the trachea |
| What does it mean to have a Physostomous gas bladders in fish | to have air sacs functioned as lungs for air breathing and for buoyancy |
| What does it mean to have a physoclistous condition in fish | the gas bladder is not for respiration, but is still used in buoyancy regulation |
| What causes the physoclistous condition | the loss of the pneumatic duct |
| What allows Physotomous fish to push air down into their swim bladder | using the buccal pump |
| What is the names of the chambers in the gas bladder of Physotomous fish | anterior chamber (AC) and the posterior chamber (PC) |
| Which chamber in the gas bladder of Physotomous fish deal with gas exchange | the posterior chamber (PC) |
| Many teleosts have how many gas bladder(s) oriented under the spine | One |
| What are gas bladders lined with to make them airtight | guanine |
| What is the pneumatic duct lined with that allows regulation of inflation/deflation of the gas bladder. | smooth muscle, |
| Where does inhalation happen in Physotomous fish | above water surface (gulping) |
| Where does exhalation happen in Physotomous fish | under water |
| Air-breathing is critical for what type of environment for fish | living in stagnant tropical pools that seasonally dry up |
| What are the two types of air breathing fish | obligate and facultative air breathers |
| Why can't Amphibious breathers live on only land | their gill filaments would dry up |
| What does amphibians use for Positive-pressure breathing | a buccal pump |
| When does the glottis air valve in amphibians close during inhalation | the suction pump phase |
| When does the glottis air valve in amphibians open during inhalation | the positive pressure phase |
| Reptiles have what type of pressure breathing | negative pressure |
| Expansion of what cavity causes air to enter lungs through negative pressure in reptiles | thoracic cavity |
| What type of muscles causes the expansion of the thoracic cavity in reptiles | intercostal muscles |
| rib cage expansion to draw in air, is what type of inhalation | active |
| Negative pressure breathing is based on the inverse relationship between what | volume and pressure |
| Elastic recoil of the lungs to expire air is what type of exhalation | passive |
| Why can't the reptile the turtle or tortoise, can't use active inhalation and passive exhalation | Because of their shells |
| What type of muscles do turtles use to expand and contract their lungs | abdominal muscles |
| What causes the thoracic cavity in turtles to expand | The relaxation of the sheet-like muscles lengthening the abdominal muscles |
| What type of inhalation does turtles have | passive |
| What type of exhalation does contracting muscles have (turtles) | active |
| In reptiles WHAT stiffens the trachea & bronchi to maintain an open passageway for better air flow | cartilage rings |
| The physiological inefficiency resulting from the conflict between ventilation and locomotion was proposed by David R. Carrier called what | Carrier’s constraint. |
| Is crocodile respiration mammal-like or reptilian-like | mammal-like |
| What type of respiration muscles do crocodiles have | analogous diaphragm-like muscle |
| What divides the visceral space of a crocodile into the thoracic and abdominal cavities | hepatic septum |
| What changes the volume of the thoracic cavity in crocodiles | Muscles in abdominal cavity |
| The pulling back of the liver and the septum causes what type of inhalation in crocodiles | active |
| Air is pulled into the lungs of crocodiles from what type of pressure | negative |
| The relaxation of the crocodile abdomen causes what type of exhalation | passive |
| What type of pressure in crocodiles causes stale air to leave the lungs | positive |
| How can crocodiles dive/swim/roll in water when they have positively buoyant lungs | shifting the lungs back, forth, side to side |
| Mammals are WHAT type of pressure air breathers with a diaphragm | negative |
| contraction of the diaphragm enlarging the thoracic cavity is what type of inhalation in mammals | active |
| relaxation of the diaphragm reducing the size of the thoracic cavity is what type of exhalation in mammals | passive |
| What type of pressure keeps lungs expanded, which increases breathing efficiency | Negative intrapleural pressure (IPP) |
| What surrounds the mammalian lung | Pleural sac |
| What coats the pleural membranes to keep them from sticking together | Lipoprotein surfactants |
| How many branches are in the human respiratory tree | 23 |
| Where does the Mammalian branching tubules end in | pulmonary alveoli. |
| What muscle wraps terminal bronchioles and lines bronchi, allowing constriction or dilation of the airway | smooth muscle |
| How many alveoli are in the human lungs | 480 million |
| What are alveoli suspended in | extracellular matrix of collagen |
| What is the name of the 95% of surface area on an alveolus | Type I pneumocytes |
| What is the name of the remaining 5% of surface area on an alveolus | Type II pneumocytes |
| Type II cells secrete pulmonary surfactant, made out of what? | lipoproteins |
| The pulmonary surfactant secreted from Type II cells is necessary why | dissolve oxygen and prevent the alveolar wall from sticking to itself. |
| What traps dust and microbial pathogens for the alveolus | Surfactant |
| What type of breathing cycle is necessary for unidirectional air flow | a double-ventilatory breathing cycle |
| What type of air sacs pull in fresh air from the atmosphere in unidirectional air flow | Posterior air sacs |
| What type of air sacs store the stale air awaiting to be exhaled. | Anterior air sacs |
| What is the first step for avian ventilation for one breath of air | The posterior air sacs inflate (negative pressure) to fill with fresh air. |
| What is the second step for avian ventilation for one breath of air | The posterior air sacs recoil (positive pressure) and the fresh air is forced anteriorly into the parabronchi |
| What is the third step for avian ventilation for one breath of air (second inhale is happening) | The anterior air sacs inflate to receive the now stale air leaving the parabronchi |
| What is the forth step for avian ventilation for one breath of air (second exhale is happening) | The anterior air sacs recoil forcing the stale air out the trachea. |
Created by:
shantel_1
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