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Chapter 9
openstax
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| polynucleotides | sugar of one nucleotide & phosphate of next nucleotide. Leads to alternating sugars and phosphates. |
| DNA polymerases | Enzyme that makes covalent bonds. Involved in repairing DNA too. |
| Genotype | Organism genetic makeup |
| Phenotype | organisms physical traits |
| Transcription | DNA-RNA. Pull a strand from DNA into RNA. only 1 strand, product has a U. |
| Translation | RNA-protein. Take that strand of RNA and turn it into a protein. |
| language of DNA | sequence of nucleotide bases. Transcriptions, Translation, to polypeptide. |
| Codon | Triplet of bases; codes for one amino acid ( UUU) |
| The Genetic Code | Set of Rules that convert RNA to amino acid sequence. Universal enables modern DNA technologies |
| Initiation | RNA polymerase attaches to DNA promoter. Promote to start transcription. |
| RNA Elongation | Once DNA is separate, RNA grows longer & peels away from DNA template. |
| Termination | RNA polymerase reaches terminator region. Tells RNA to stop transcribing. DNA & rethatches. |
| Mutation | change in nucleotide sequence of DNA. |
| substitutions | replacement of one base by another |
| nucleotide deletions & insertions | loss or addition of a nucleotide, changes reading frame |
| Mutagens | physical or chemical agents |
| Bacteriophages | viruses that attack bacteria |
| Lytic cycle | reproductive cycle that many copies are produced |
| lysogenic cycle | Phage DNA inserted into bacterial chromosome. Bacteria that insert into cell divison |
| Plant Viruses | Rod shaped, no cure, and have spiral arrangement. |
| Animal Viruses | Infect animal cells, RNA or DNA genomes. Have phospholipid bilayer with spikes to get in. |
| Viroids | Small circular RNA molecules that infect. plants |
| Prions | Misfolded proteins that convert normal proteins to misfold prion version. |
| Adenine (DNA) | Thymine (DNA) |
| Cytosine (DNA) | Guanine (DNA) |
| RNA (A)= | U |
| RNA (G) | C |
| RNA (C) | G |
| RNA (T) | A |
| RNA processing | Adding cap & tail, removing introns, join exons. (RNA Splicing). Proteins are produced by a single gene. |
| Anticodons | Matches amino acids with codons in mRNA. |
| Epigenetic | Describes non-genetic regulatory factors. |
| Gene Expression | Turning off and on a gene. |
| RRNA | molecules of RNA that combine to make a ribosome. |
| TRNA | RNA molecule that binds to with an mRNA codon to make an amino acid... |
| mRNA | Strand of RNA that molds to a specific sequence. |
| Semiconservative replication | Each DNA copies unwind and act as a template. |
| Helicase | An enzyme that helps to open DNA replication. |
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