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RENAL
CCRN
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| How does the kidney maintain perfusion? | AFFERENT ARTERIOLAR DILATION AND EFFERENT ARTERIOLAR CONSTRICTION |
| Fluid is forced from the glomerulus, forming an ultrafiltrate. Into which compartment is the fluid forced? | PROXIMAL TUBULE |
| Which element is not filtered during glomerular filtration? | PROTEINS |
| Cortex | The outer one third of the kidney tissue, consisting of the glomeruli, nephrons and the convoluted portions of the distal and proximal tubules. |
| Medulla | The inner portion of the kidney. It contains the loop of Henle, vasa recta, and the collecting ducts. |
| Nephron | The functional unit of the kidney. |
| Glomerulus | A network of capillaries that are formed by the afferent arterioles |
| The normal adult urine volume is | 1 to 2 L/day |
| The total glomeruli filter is | 180L/day |
| Loop of Henle | Function to concentrate or dilute urine as necessary. |
| Serum osmolarity to | Normal level 280 to 320 |
| Countercurrent Mechanism | Serves to concentrate urine and excrete excessive solutes. |
| BUN | Measures the level of urea. Normal level 10 to 20mg/dL |
| Creatinine | A waste product of muscle metabolism and is freely filtered. Normal serum level .8 to 1.8 mg/dL |
| BUN TO CREATININE RATIO (serum) | Normal 10:1 A ratio of 20:1 or more in indicative of prerenal insufficiency (water and salt depletion). |
| Creatinine clearance | Probably the most reliable index of kidney function available. Normal is 125mL/min. |
| Aldosterone | Maintain normal sodium concentration in the extracellular fluid. Promotes reabsorption of sodium in both the distal convoluted tubule and the collecting ducts of the kidneys. |
| Angiotesin II | A potent vasoconstricting agent. |
| Prostaglandins | Promote a vasodilatin of the renal medulla to maintain renal perfusion during severe or prolonged systemic hypoperfusion. |
| Oliguria | less than 400mL of urine is produced per day. |
| Prerenal acute renal failure | A decrease renal perfusion secondary to renal hypoperfusion, often due to decreased cardiac output |
| Intrarenal acute renal failure | Caused by disease or injuries of the nephron from the glomerulus to the collecting duct. The most common cause is acute tubular necrosis. |
| Postrenal acute renal failure | Indicates an intra or extrarenal obstruction at or below the level of the collecting ducts. |
| What are the four phases of acute renal failure? | ONSET, OLIGURIC, DIURETIC AND RECOVERY |
| Normal urine volume | .5 mL/kg/h |
| What is the normal range of urine sodium values? | 40 to 220 meq/L |
| Creatinine level is a valuable indicator of glomerular filtration rate for which reason? | Once filtered in the glomerulus, creatinine is not reabsorbed in the tubular system. |
| Most water reabsorption occurs in which part of the nephron? | PROXIMAL TUBULES |
| the presence of oliguria, a BUN/creatinine ratio greater than normal suggests that which condition has developed? | PRERENAL FAILURE |
| Aldosterone exerts an effect on renal function at which anatomic site? | DISTAL TUBULE |
| The juxtaglomerular system is responsible for releasing which substance? | ANGIOTENSIN |
| Which electrolyte is directly related to the reabsorption of magnesium? | SODIUM |
| Hypomagnesemia is manifested clinically by which of the following symptoms? | MUSCLE IRRITABILITY |
| Elevated chloride levels are associated with which condition? | ALKALOSIS |
| Left ventricular failure will cause which effect on the BUN/creatinine ratio? | It will cause the ratio to rise. (BUN rises faster than creatinine.) |
| What is the clinical value in establishing wheter or not an anion gap exists? | The finding permits determination of a metabolic acidosis. |
| Measurement of what is helpful in differentiating ARF from prerenal azotemia? | FENa |
| FENa (fractional excretion of sodium | FENa is > than 1% and usually > than 3% wit ATN n severe obstruction of the urinary drainage of both kidneys. It is generally < than 1% in pts with acute glomerulonephritis, hepatorenal syndrome, and states of prerenal azotemia such as CHF or dehydration. |
| What are the indications for continuous arteriovenous hemofitration? | 1. Treating acute volume oveload in CHF. 2. FLUID REMOVAL WHEN DIURETIC THERAPY HAS FAILED. 3. ACUTE HYPERKALEMIA |
| Renal trauma is best diagnosed by. | INTRAVENOUS PYELOGRAM |
| UREMIC SYNDROME | Results fromthe kidney's inability to excrete toxic waste products. |
Created by:
nerdismart
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