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bio term 1 galen cc
bio term 1
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| what is a eukaryotic cell give examples | enclosed by a plasma membrane, membrane-bound organelles, nucleus, larger, more complex, liner strand of DNA animals, plants, fungi, |
| what is a prokaryotic cell give examples | non membrane-bound organelles, no nucleus, smaller, less complex, circular strand of DNA bacteria, archea |
| what the difference between both eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells | their size, DNA formation, method of cell replication, membrane-bound |
| whats the difference between a plant and animal cell | size, organelles contained, |
| what is an organelles function | carry out functions necessary to maintain homeostasis in the cell. Organelles are involved in many processes, for example, energy production, building proteins, secretions, destroying toxins, and are also involved in responding to external signals. |
| what does the cell membrane do? | It serves as a barrier to keep the contents of the cell in and unwanted substances out. It also functions as a gate to both actively and passively move essential nutrients into the cell and waste products out of it. |
| what molecules can move between phospholipid molecules as they defuse through a membrane? | water, oxygen and carbon dioxide can pass directly through the phospholipids in the cell membrane. Larger molecules such as glucose require a specific transport protein to facilitate their movement across the cell membrane. |
| why is the plasma membrane referred to as the fluid mosaic model | The term fluid mosaic model is used to describe the plasma membrane because the cell membrane is embedded with many different proteins and other substances that gives it the look similiar to a mosaic. |
| what is transport between the plasma membrane? | passive transport, which requires no energy; and active transport, which requires energy. |
| what is osmosis | a process by which molecules of a solvent tend to pass through a semipermeable membrane from a less concentrated solution into a more concentrated one. |
| what is diffusion | the spreading of something more widely: |
| what is facilitated | Facilitated diffusion is a form of facilitated transport involving the passive movement of molecules along their concentration gradient, |
| what is active transport | Active transport requires energy. It is most commonly accomplished by having a transport protein which changes shape when it binds with the cell’s “fuel,” a molecule called ATP. |
| what is passive transport | a process by which an ion or molecule passes through a cell wall via a concentration gradient, or from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration. |
| define differentiation | the action or process of differentiating or distinguishing between two or more things or people: |
| define totipotent | (of an immature or stem cell) capable of giving rise to any cell type or (of a blastomere) a complete embryo: |
| define hypertonic solution | A hypertonic solution is one which has a higher solute concentration than another solution. |
| define isotonic solution | isotonic solution is one that has the same osmolarity, or solute concentration, as another solution. |
| define hypotonic solution | A hypotonic solution is a solution that has a lower solute concentration compared to another solution. |
| what is endocytosis | the taking in of matter by a living cell by invagination of its membrane to form a vacuole. |
| what is exocytosis | a process by which the contents of a cell vacuole are released to the exterior through fusion of the vacuole membrane with the cell membrane. |
| what is ATP function and where is it produced | found in the cells of all living things. These organic molecules function by capturing the chemical energy obtained from the digested food molecules and are later released for different cellular processes. found in mitochondria |
| what is the difference between a catabolic and anabolic reaction | Anabolic reactions are associated with growth. Catabolic are associated with the release of energy and energy production. |
| what is cell specialisation | cell specialisation is a process where common cells evolve to form specific cells. These specific cells have specific functions. |
| define pluripotent | (of an immature cell or stem cell) capable of giving rise to several different cell types: |
| define multipotent | having the potential of becoming any of several mature cell types multipotent stem cells. |
| define oligopotent | oligopotency is the ability of progenitor cells to differentiate into a few cell types. It is a degree of potency. |
| characteristics and levels of a multicellular organism | they are made of more than one cell, complex organisms, They are visible to the naked eye. They possess distinct organs and organ systems. They are eukaryotes, Their size increases with the number of cells in an organism. |
| what is polypeptide where is it synthesised | he polypeptide definition describes a chain of more than twenty and less than fifty amino acids bound together via covalent peptide bonds. This occurs during a process called protein synthesis. |
| proteins are produced by what | ribosomes |
| organelles are modified in what | gogi body |
| cell size is limited by what? | their surface area (SA) |
| why do cells divide and just not get bigger? | more demands the cell places on its DNA. If the cell grows too large, it will have trouble moving enough nutrients and wastes across the cell membrane. |
| define phagocytosis | the ingestion of bacteria or other material by phagocytes and amoeboid protozoans. |
| define pinocytosis | the ingestion of liquid into a cell by the budding of small vesicles from the cell membrane. |
| ATP is broken down into what and what is released? is it catabolic or anabolic? | The process of catabolism releases energy that can be used to produced ATP. The process of anabolism requires ATP, thus producing ADP at the end. |
| are chloroplasts found in all plant cells? | yes it is dickhead |
| how do you work out the size of a cell? | Sizes of most cells are given in micrometres, symbol μm. To calculate |
| define apoptosis | the death of cells which occurs as a normal and controlled part of an organism's growth or development. |
| define necrosis | the death of most or all of the cells in an organ or tissue due to disease, injury, or failure of the blood supply. |
| explain the intrinsic (mitochondrial pathway) | Intrinsic pathway begins with trauma to blood cells or exposure of blood to collagen. |
| explain the extrinsic (death ligand pathway) | Extrinsic pathway begins with tissue trauma or tissue factor activation. |
| what other characteristics do cells undergoing apoptosis have | shrinkage of the cell, fragmentation into membrane-bound apoptotic bodies and rapid phagocytosis by neighbouring cells. |
| list the stages of mitosis | prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase |
| what is the sequence for the following: AATCGTACCG | TTAGCATGGC |
| evidence for the bacterial origin of chloroplast is supported by them having a circular chromosome | Chloroplasts are the same size as prokaryotic cells, divide by binary fission, and, like bacteria, have Fts (Filamenting temperature sensitive) proteins at their division plane. Chloroplasts have their own DNA that is circular, not linear. |
| why do cancer cells proliferate in an organism? explain how a change in death receptors on a cell membrane led to this occurring | by mutation of the genes of normal cells, which upsets the normal balance between proliferation and cell death. results in uncontrolled cell division in the body. The uncontrolled, rapid proliferation of cells can lead to benign or malignant tumours |
| staphylococcus aureus are what shaped bacteria | circle |
| give 2 reasons as to why viruses aren't considered living | They have no energy metabolism, they do not grow, they produce no waste products, and they do not respond to stimuli. |
| what are gametes cells | sex cells |
| what are somatic cells | body cells |
| what does PMAT stand for | prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase |
| what does DNA stand for | deoxyribonucleic acid, |
| what is prophase | the first stage of cell division, before metaphase, during which the chromosomes become visible as paired chromatids and the nuclear envelope disappears. The first prophase of meiosis includes the reduction division. |
| what is metaphase | the second stage of cell division, between prophase and anaphase, during which the chromosomes become attached to the spindle fibres. |
| what is anaphase | the third stage of cell division, between metaphase and telophase, during which the chromosomes move away from one another to opposite poles of the spindle. |
| what is telophase | the final phase of cell division, between anaphase and interphase, in which the chromatids or chromosomes move to opposite ends of the cell and two nuclei are formed. |
| what are the domains and kingdoms of life | Animalia, archaea, bacteria, fungi, plante, protista |
| what is an organism | an individual animal, plant, or single-celled life form: |
| what is the function of a plasma membrane | The main function of the plasma membrane is to protect the cell from its surrounding environment. |
| what is the function of cell wall | an additional layer of protection on top of the cell membrane |
| what is the function of cytosol | Cytosol is the liquid found inside of cells. It is the water-based solution in which organelles, proteins, and other cell structures float. |
| what is the function of ribosomes | used to translate genetic code into chains of amino acids. Long chains of amino acids fold and function as proteins in cells. |
| what is the function of nucleus | he cell nucleus is a membrane bound structure that contains the cell's hereditary information and controls the cell's growth and reproduction. |
| what is a membrane-bound organelle | meaning that these organelles (e.g. mitochondria, lysosome, etc.) are surrounded by a phospholipid bilayer (membrane). |
| what is a chromosome | a threadlike structure of nucleic acids and protein found in the nucleus of most living cells, carrying genetic information in the form of genes. |
| what is the function of a plasmid | to amplify or duplicate specific genes. A plasmid is a form of vector in molecular cloning. |
| what is mitosis | a type of cell division that results in two daughter cells each having the same number and kind of chromosomes as the parent nucleus, typical of ordinary tissue growth: |
| what is a germline cell | The lineage of cells leading to the contemporary GERM CELLS. 2. Often used loosely to refer to the cells of the ovary and testes that give rise, |
| what is meiosis | a type of cell division that results in four daughter cells each with half the number of chromosomes of the parent cell, as in the production of gametes and plant spores: |
| what is binary fission | 2 copies of DNA attached to the cell membrane are pulled towards opposite ends of the cell in for final binary fission. a parent cell splits in 2 daughter cells , the cell membrane starts growing into the middle of the cell. |
| what is the function of cytoplasm | the cytoplasm functions to support and suspend organelles and cellular molecules. |
| what is the function of the rough ER | its ability to manufacture and oversee the quality control of proteins within the cell. |
| what is the function of the smooth ER | prominent in cells of the liver that process harmful chemicals, |
| what is the function of lysosomes | Lysosomes are known as Suicidal Bags as they tend to destroy the cell membrane with its digestive enzymes, causing lysis of the cell |
| what is the function of mitochondria | the primary function of which is to generate large quantities of energy in the form of adenosine triphosphate (ATP). |
| what is the function of chloroplast | Chloroplasts create energy for the cell by converting light energy into stored energy. |
| what is the function of vacuole | the vacuole plays a significant part in destroying bacterial intruders or storing helpful bacteria and water. |
| what is the function of the vesicle | Vesicles are small cell organelles that are present in cells. These organelles are small, membrane-enclosed sacs that store and transport substances to and from one cell to another and from one part of a cell to another. |
| what is the function of the cytoskeleton | The cytoskeleton organizes other constituents of the cell, maintains the cell’s shape, and is responsible for the locomotion of the cell itself and the movement of the various organelles within it. |
| what organelles are membrane-bound | nucleus, rough er, smooth er, golgi body, lysosomes, mitochondria, chloroplasts, vacuoles, vesicles |
| what organelles are not membrane-bound | ribosomes, cell wall, cytoskeleton |
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gemma-bell
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