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AP Bio: Evolution
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| evolution | the gradual change in a species over time |
| homologous structures | similar structures that related species have inherited from a common ancestor |
| analogous structures | structures that do not have a common evolutionary origin but are similar in function |
| fossils | preserved remains of once-living organisms |
| biogeographical evidence | range and distribution of plants and animals throughout the world |
| microevolution | evolutionary change within a species or small group of organisms, especially over a short period |
| Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium | condition that occurs when the frequency of alleles in a particular gene pool remain constant over time |
| bottleneck effect | a change in allele frequency following a dramatic reduction in the size of a population |
| founder effect | change in allele frequencies as a result of the migration of a small subgroup of a population |
| selective mating | the intentional mating of two animals in an attempt to produce offspring with desirable characteristics or for the elimination of a trait |
| mutations | random errors in gene replication that lead to a change in the sequence of nucleotides (the source of all genetic diversity) |
| gene flow | movement of alleles into or out of a population due to the migration of individuals to or from the population |
| natural selection | a process in which individuals that have certain inherited traits tend to survive and reproduce at higher rates than other individuals because of those traits |
| artificial selection | breeding organisms with specific traits in order to produce offspring with identical traits |
| speciation | the formation of new and distinct species in the course of evolution |
| extinction | a term that typically describes a species that no longer has any known living individuals |
| cladogram | diagram that shows the evolutionary relationships among a group of organisms |
| phylogenic tree | a family tree that shows the evolutionary relationships thought to exist among groups of organisms |
| convergent evolution | process by which unrelated organisms independently evolve similarities when adapting to similar environments |
| divergent evolution | when two or more species sharing a common ancestor become different over time |
| evolutionary fitness | a measurement of the degree to which an organism can successfully adapt to its environment and can reproduce fertile offspring |
| selective pressure | the factors in an ecosystem that make it hard to survive and reproduce (food, predators, temperature, mates) |
| gene pool | combined genetic information of all the members of a particular population |
| adaptive radiation | evolution from a common ancestor of many species adapted to diverse environments |
| niche | an organism's particular role in an ecosystem, or how it makes its living |
| allopatric speciation | the formation of new species in populations that are geographically isolated from one another |
| directional selection | form of natural selection in which the entire curve moves; occurs when individuals at one end of a distribution curve have higher fitness than individuals in the middle or at the other end of the curve |
| stabilizing selection | natural selection that favors intermediate variants by acting against extreme phenotypes |
| sympatric speciation | the formation of new species in populations that live in the same geographic area |
| morphology | the science of the form and structure of organisms |
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