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bio exam 2
chapters 3.5-5
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| pasive transport | a process by which an ion or molecule passes through a cell wall via a concentration gradient, or from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration |
| active transport | the movement of ions or molecules across a cell membrane into a region of higher concentration, assisted by enzymes and requiring energy |
| simple diffusion | the process in which solutes are passed through the concentration gradient in a solution across a semipermeable membrane |
| facilitated diffusion | uses transmembrane channel proteins as passageways through the membrane, movement is still down the concentration gradient |
| receptor-mediated | uptake of substances by the cell is targeted to a single type of substance that binds at the receptor on the external cell membrane |
| endocytosis | the taking in of matter by a living cell by invagination of its membrane to form a vacuole |
| exocytosis | a vesicle migrates to the plasma membrane, binds, and releases its contents to the outside of the cell |
| What is osmosis? What property of water is important during the process of osmosis? | the movement of water across a semi-permeable membrane from an area of low solute concentration to an area of high solute concentration |
| hypertonic solution | any external solution that has a high solute concentration and low water concentration compared to body fluids |
| hypotonic solution | any external solution that has a low solute concentration and high water concentration compared to body fluids |
| isotonic solutions | any external solution that has the same solute concentration and water concentration compared to body fluids |
| solute | the minor component in a solution, dissolved in the solvent. |
| solvent | a substance that dissolves a solute, resulting in a solution |
| solution | a type of homogenous mixture in which the particles of one or more substances (the solute) are distributed uniformly throughout another substance (the solvent) |
| What is potential energy | stored energy that depends upon the relative position of various parts of a system |
| Which of the four biological macromolecules have potential energy | fats, carbohydrates, proteins, and nucleic acids |
| What is kinetic energy | the energy an object has because of its motion |
| What is ATP | A substance present in all living cells that provides energy for many metabolic processes and is involved in making RNA |
| Why is ATP important to living organisms | provides the energy needed for many essential processes in organisms and cells |
| ATP to ADP | the ATP molecule splits off one of its three phosphates, becoming ADP (Adenosine di-phosphate) + phosphate. The energy holding that phosphate molecule is now released and available to do work for the cell |
| Describe the structure and parts of an enzyme and explain how it functions as a catalyst | proteins compromised of amino acids linked together in polypeptide chains which is called the primary structure |
| activation energy | Enzymes are biological catalysts. Catalysts lower the activation energy for reactions. The lower the activation energy for a reaction, the faster the rate. Thus enzymes speed up reactions by lowering activation energy |
| What affects how enzymes work? How can enzymes be denatured or stopped? | Raising temperature generally speeds up a reaction, and lowering temperature slows down a reaction. However, extreme high temperatures can cause an enzyme to lose its shape (denature) and stop working |
| Competitive inhibition | blocks enzymatic activity by blocking the active site |
| Allosteric inhibition | indirectly changes the active site such that the substrate no longer fits |
| allosteric activation | the activator molecule modifies the shape of the active site to allow a better fit of the substrate |
| Metabolic pathways | are a series of reactions catalyzed by multiple enzymes |
| equation for photosynthesis | 6CO2 + 6H2O → C6H12O6 + 6O2 |
| purpose of photosynthesis | to transform water, sunlight, and carbon dioxide into oxygen, and simple sugars that the plant uses as fuel |
| autotrophs | produce their own food |
| heterotrophs | consumers because they eat the food produced by autotrophs |
| Oxidation-Reduction reactions | any chemical reaction in which the oxidation number of a molecule, atom, or ion changes by gaining or losing an electron |
| structures used for the process of photosynthesis | chloroplasts- organelles that preform photosynthesis stomata- air exchange passes through mesophyll- cells of a leaf have chloroplasts |
| reactants of photosynthesis | carbon dioxide, water, and energy from the sun |
| products of photosynthesis | glucose and oxygen |
| thylakoids | are disc-shaped membranous structures. A stack of thylakoids is a granum |
| granum | the site for the light reaction of the photosynthesis |
| reduction reaction | gain of an electron |
| oxidation reaction | loss of an electron |
| Describe the role of plant pigments | controlling photosynthesis, growth and development of plants |
Created by:
wendytoledo
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