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BIO 110-Unit 2 exam
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| what are the basic themes in biology? | evolution: population of organisms evolve over time; information transfer; energy for life |
| what is the cell theory? | cells are surrounded by a selective boundary, the plasma membrane, that cells contain DNA, and that they have organelles with specialized functions. |
| what are the characteristics of all living organisms? | composed of cells; grow&develop; metabolism includes the chemical processes essential to growth, repair, and reproduction; organisms respond to stimuli; movement is a basic property of cells&organisms; reproduce; population elvoves&adapts to environment |
| Biology | the study of living things |
| evolution | the change in the characteristic of a species over several generations |
| taxonomy | the science of naming, describing and classifying organisms |
| ecology | the study of ecosystems |
| biological growth | the irreversible increase of an organisms size over a given period |
| metabolism | the chemical changes that take place in a cell or an organism |
| population | are the interacting members of the same species found in a given area at the same time |
| communties | are all of the population of organisms found in a given area at the same time |
| Autotroph | also known as producers; are typically photosynthetic |
| Heterotroph | also known as consumers; depend on producers |
| what molecule is hereditary information encoded in all living organisms? | DNA |
| what is hemostasis? | is the relatively constant internal environment examples; shivering when cold- the control of body temp |
| what is the difference between sexual and asexual reproduction? | Sexual an organism combines the genetic information from each of its parents and is genetically unique. Asexual one parent copies itself to form a identically identical offspring |
| Name one benefit sexual reproduction has over asexual reproduction | Sexual reproduction provides more genetic variability |
| levels of organization? | atoms, molecules, organelles, cells, tissues, organs, organ systems, and organisms |
| what is the most Basic level of chemical organization? | Atoms |
| describe the patter of energy flow within an ecosystem | the energy flow takes place in the food chain. plants absorb sunlight with the help of chloroplast and a art of it is transformed into chemical energy in the process of photosynthesis. |
| what would be the ultimate effect on an ecosystem if decomposers were eliminated? | dead bodies of animals and plants will remain undecomposed, and litter will cause a shortage of free space. |
| what is included in the domain eukarya? | eukaryotes- organism whose cells have nuclei and other membrane-bound organelles |
| you discover an organism that is eukaryotic, unicellular, and photosynthetic. Based on thus evidence how would you classify this organism? | protists |
| to what group do i belong? I am neither prokaryotic nor photosynthetic, and i obtain nutrients by secreting digestive enzymes into my enviorment | Fungi |
| the ultimate source of genetic variation within a population describes what characteristic of living things. | Mutation |
| what is a hypothesis? | is a proposed explanation that is testable |
| in an experiment, what is the variable being tested called? | dependent variable |
| what is the experimental group? | what is being tested |
| what is the control group? | does not receive testing or treatment |
| in the experimental evaluation of a new drug, a placebo serve. what purpose? | acts as the control group |
| explain the importance of information transfer in living systems and include three specific examples | the transfer or genetic info allows for reproduction to occur examples; DNA to mRNA, mRNA to proteins, signals in protein to the process in rough ER or cytoplasm. |
| identify two adaptations in different living organisms and use natural selection to explain how each may have logically evolved | thick fur in polar bears allow for withstanding frigid temps feathers and light weight bones allow for birds to fly |
| describe the relationship between the cell theory and evolution of life. | evaluation makes the existing cells more complex and cell theory provides the material for evolution |
| the evidence that all living cells have a common origin is provided by what? | basic similarities in cell structure and chemistry |
| who was the first scientist to viewed living cells? | Hooke |
| define magnification | the ratio of an object image size to its real size |
| to determine the location of a specific protein in a cell using a colored stain, what microscope technique will you use? | florescence microscope |
| why is it advantageous for cells to be small? | a cell is small because of the relationship between surface area and volume and it helps with function and transport |
| why does electron microscopes have a much higher resolution than either the human eye or any light microscope? | electrons have short wavelengths which gives them higher resolutions |
| prokaryotic cell | structurally simpler, lack membrane bound organelles, plama membrane, cells walls, some have flagella, have ribosome and storage granules |
| eukaryotic cells | have internal organelles specialized for various functions characterized by membrane enclosed organelles |
| endomembrane system | The collection of membranes inside and around a eukaryotic cell, related either through direct physical contact or by the transfer of membranous vesicles. |
| endomembrane system includes | the ER, the nucleus, the Golgi complex, lysosomes and vacuoles as well as the plasma membrane |
| why are membrane-bounded organelles faster facilitators of chemical reactions in a cell? | because they are within close proximity to each other so they move faster |
| the nucleoli contain chromosomal regions that specialize in making what nucleotide molecules? | rRNA (ribosomal RNA) |
| Finbriae | used to adhere to one another or to attach to cell surfaces or organisms. |
| cell wall | extracellular structure that encloses the entire cell, including the plasma membrane. |
| capsule | mixture of layers of carbst proteins in prokaryotic cells. |
| Flagella | A long, whip-like filament that helps in cell motility. Many bacteria are flagellated, and sperm are flagellated. |
| nucleus | Large structure surrounded by double membrane, contains nucleolus and chromosomes. Information in DNA is transcribed in RNA synthesis; specifies cell proteins. |
| rough endoplasmic reticulum | is the site of protein synthesis; proteins formed may be transferred to other sites within the cell in transport vesicle |
| smooth endoplasmic reticulum | Lacks ribosomes; functions in the production of various fats, as well as detoxifying chemicals |
| ribosome | are composed of RNA and protein and may be free or attached to the endoplasmic reticulum |
| Golgi complex | prepares proteins and lipid molecules for use in other places inside and outside the cell |
| plasma membrane | protects the cell from its external environment, mediates cellular transport, and transmits cellular signals |
| mitochondria | makes ATP through cellular respiration; are the site of aerobic cellular respiration; are double-membrane bound |
| Nucleolus cytoplasm | viscous fluid enclosed by the nuclear envelope |
| Vacuoles | membranous sacs (mostly in plants, fungi, algae); store materials, wastes, water; maintain hydrostatic pressure. |
| lysosomes | membranous sacs (in animals); contain enzymes that break down ingested materials; break down damaged or unneeded organelles and proteins. |
| chromosomes | to carry the DNA and transfer the genetic information from parents to offspring. DNA takes the form of chromosomes during cell division |
| peroxisomes | metabolize small organic compounds; oxidative enzymes that produces hydrogen peroxide. break down fatty acids to Acetyl CoA |
| what are the functions of the cell membrane? | provides protection for the cell, transports nutrients into the cell & transport toxic substance out of cell |
| general structure of the plasma membrane | contains the phospholipid bilayer which forms a stable barrier between two aqueous compartments |
| how the membrane regulates in and out movement of materials? | Specialized proteins in the cell membrane regulate the concentration of specific molecules inside the cell |
| who proposed the fluid mosaic model of cell membrane structure? | singer and Nicholson in 1972 |
| fluid mosaic model | a plasma membrane with components constantly in motion, sliding past one another within the lipid bilayer |
| what are integral and transmembrane proteins? | integral proteins are firmly bound to the membrane, or are bound to other lipids that are part of the membrane; transmembrane proteins span the entire bilayer, are amphipathic |
| how is a transmembrane protein different from other membrane proteins? | the use of alpha helix or a beta pleated sheath (rolled). |
| what type of bonding links peripheral proteins to either surface of the plasma membrane? | peripheral proteins are bound to the hyphoophilic ends of the integral proteins |
| the function of cholesterol within membranes requires interactions with both hydrophobic and hydrophilic parts of phospholipids, how is the function fulfilled? | Fluidity buffer. Amphicatic. Acts as a "spacer" between hydrocarbon chains. |
| what type of molecules are permeable to biological membranes? | small or lipid-soluble molecules water molecules may pass the lipid bilayer; gases, small polar molecules, and large hydrophobic substance may also pass |
| what types of molecules is least likely? | Oxygen and carbon dioxide |
| which types of molecules are likely to cross the cellular membrane by simple diffusion? | small hydrophobic molecules, oxygen and carbon dioxide and most lipids enter and leave by simple diffusion |
| what is an ABC transporter? what do they transport? what form of energy do they use to perform that function? | ABC stands for ATP- Binding Cassette. Use energy donated by ATP to transport certain ions, sugars, and polypeptides, and amino acids. |
| Simple diffusion | movement of a solute from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration |
| passive transport | the movement of substances across a cell membrane without the use of energy by the cell |
| active transport | Energy-requiring process that moves material across a cell membrane against a concentration difference |
| osmosis | is the diffusion of water (solvent) across a selectively permeable membrane |
| hypertonic solution | have a higher osmotic pressure than the cells |
| hypotonic solution | have a lower osmotic pressure than the cells |
| isotonic solution | when the concentration of two solutions is the same |
| facilitated diffusion | occurs down a concentration gradient; Movement of specific molecules across cell membranes through protein channels |
| pinocytosis | involves taking in liquid droplets |
| exocytosis | the cell expels wastes or a secretory product, also result in growth of the cell membrane |
| endocytosis | a cell takes up materials into the cell by infolding of the cell membrane |
| phagocytosis | involves taking in solid materials |
| desmosomes | is a form of anchoring junctions; hold cells subject to mechanical stresses together; are composed of intermediate filaments which span the gap between two cells |
| adhering junctions | cell junction composed of adhesion proteins; cement cells together with proteins |
| Gap junctions | permit transfer of small molecules and ions; contain pores that connect cells; allow rapid chemical and electrical communication between cells |
| plasmodesmata | allow movement of certain molecules and ions between plant cells |
| what did studies of glucose transport in liposomes have reveal? | A liposome wont transport glucose unless it has a glucose transporter incorporated into its membrane. |
| how does sodium-potassium pump work? what role does ATP play in their function? | The process of moving sodium and potassium ions across the cell membrane is an active transport process involving the hydrolysis of ATP to provide the necessary energy. |
| what are anchoring junctions? | cell junctions that attach cells to their neighbors or to the extracellular matrix |
| what will happen when plant cells and others with cells walls to when placed in a hypertonic solution? | tend to plasmolyze |
| what will happen when animal cells are placed in a hypertonic solution? | tend to shrivel and die |
| what type of cells are isotonic? | Human cells |
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apizanis88
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