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Bio 6.1 and D3 Exam

TermDefinition
Mouth Mechanical Digestion from the teeth, Chemical digestion from Salivary amylase breaking down starch. Lingual lipase breaks down lipids.
Esophagus Movement of food by peristalsis to the stomach
Stomach Mechanical digestion in the wall of the stomach, kills pathogens, chemical digestion when pepsin breaks down proteins
Small Intestine Neutralizes stomach acid, mechanical digestion (segmentation), complete chemical digestion from brush boarder enzymes, absorption of nutrients.
Large Intestine Absorbs water, Vitamin K is made, feces begin to form
Pancreas Secretes lipase and other enzymes
Liver Secretion of bile to break down lipids. Stores glycogen, iron, and vitamins A and D Makes plasma proteins Recycles worn out red blood cells
Gall Bladder Not needed in the digestion system but it acts as storage and helps the release of bile.
Lipase Breaks down lipids to fatty acids and glycerol
Amylase Breaks down starch to maltos
Pepsin or endopeptidases Breaks down proteins
Peristalsis Wave-like contraction of muscles along the digestive tract. Contraction of circular muscles on the inside and longitudinal muscles on the outside of the small intestine wall (segmentation).
Layers of small intestine wall Longitudinal muscles on the outside, circular on the inside
Villus finger like or threadlike projections that line the inside of the small intestine. They help increase surface area and help with absorption.
Microvilli The cells on the villi are packed full of tiny hairlike cells. Helps to increase surface area so cells can hold more nutrients.
Maltase Breaks down maltose to glucose
Nucleases break down DNA to RNA
Sucrase breaks sucrose down into glucose + fructose
When the immobilized enzymes rub off into the lumen they... still work
Cellulose is fiber that cannot be digested so helps move the digestion system along and produce bile faster
Intestinal enzymes Some are secreted into the lumen, some are immobilized.
Starch digestion starch is made of amylose and amylopectin. Amylase breaks amylopectin down to something called dextrins. In the membrane of the microvilli of a villus there is a maltase and a dextrinase which break down starch to glucose.
Hepatic portal vein Takes nutrient rich blood to the liver.
Dextrins Carbohydrates made from starch
Lacteal Lipids are absorbed into the lacteal which is part of the lymphatic system
Simple diffusion fatty acids
Facilitated diffusion fructose
Active transport Mineral ions such as sodium, calcium or iron
Excocytosis once fatty acids are absorbed triglycerides are made in the epithelial cells. They get coated with a single layer of phospholipids, cholestrol, and protein and are called lipoproteins and are released by exocytosis into the lacteal.
Lobules The hexagons that the liver is arranged in
Liver channels Sinusoids
Sinusoids liver channels made of capillaries that are wider and leakier than normal
Hepatocytes liver cells
How long do red blood cells last? About 120 days
Kupffer cells white blood cells in the sinusoides. Capture worn out red blood cells by phagocytosis
Hemoglobin is broken down into... globins and heme units
Globins are broken down into... amino acids
Heme is broken down into... iron and bilirubin
What vitamins are stored in the liver? Iron, Vitamin A, and Vitamin D calciferol
Other functions of the liver ●Uses smooth endoplasmic reticulum to detoxify drugs and alcohol. ●Makes plasma proteins such as albumin and fibrinogen ●Can synthesize cholesterol. Converts cholesterol to bile salts which are used with lipase to break down lipids.
Created by: Glew
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