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Geoscience Midterm 1
Study Guide
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What is a Raspberry Shake | A raspberry pi hooked up to a cheap (EQ1 seismograph) |
| Why are Raspberry Shakes useful for scientists | They make data collection more ubiquitous and accessible for cheaper sums of money |
| Difference between yearly variation and long-term behavior of climate temperature change | long-term shifts the tails of the distribution, makes storms stronger and more likely |
| Big picture ideas about seismic noise and COVID lockdown research | background noise (high frequency) fell dramatically, 'anthropause' |
| Major class goals and takeaways | theme is that life is uncertain, people do not understand uncertainty |
| How did Galileo disprove geocentric model | By the time of the renaissance the small errors in Ptolemy's epicycle system had compounded and his estimates were no longer usable, Copernicus pitched heliocentric system |
| Characteristics of the moon's orbit | nearly circular, 0.05 eccentricity, ~60 of earth's radii |
| why doesn't the moon fall to the earth | horizontal velocity |
| definition of eccentricity of an ellipse, and what it means | zero is a circle, calculated as 0.5*distance between foci*distance from one foci to planet when it is equidistant |
| Kepler's first law | Each planet moves about the sun in an orbit that is an ellipse, with the sun at one focus |
| Kepler's second law | A line that connects a planet to the sun sweeps out equal areas in equal times (segment of the ellipse's area) |
| Kepler's third law | orbit period ^2 = distance ^3 |
| ***FILL IN SCIENTISTS AND THEIR DISCOVERIES*** | |
| Definition and explanation of parallax | the position of distant stars relative to nearby stars would appear to change based on where the earth is in its orbit, THIS DOES NOT VISIBLY HAPPEN BECAUSE ALL ARE SO MUCH FURTHER THAN OUR ORBIT diameter |
| Basic structure of the atom | 99.9999% empty space, nucleus would be grain of salt in St. Peter's cathedral and specks of dust are electrons |
| alpha particle and radiation | unstable parent nucleus ejects alpha particle (helium nucleus, 2 protons and 2 neutrons) atomic number -2 and mass -4 |
| beta particle and radiation | beta- -> neutron converts to a proton and an electron (beta particle) is emitted, atomic number +1 mass +0 |
| **Fill in layers of the earth and whether solid vs. liquid** FROM TEXTBOOK | |
| Potassium and Argon Dating methods | 19K-40 + electron -> 18Ar40, clock begins when K mineral crystallizes in rock, WILL NOT HAVE ANY Ar40 because it does not combine, half life is 1.3 billion years |
| Why are Potassium and Argon dating important | Aging the earth, known ratios |
| Superposition principle | In any sequence of 'undisturbed' strata of sedimentary rocks, the oldest layer is on the bottom, and successively higher rocks are successively younger |
| Uniformitarianism principle | The physical, chemical, and biological laws that operate today have also operated in the geological past |
| Types of Atomic bonds | ionic, covalent, metallic |
| **pros and cons of dating methods** | |
| **Theories and contributions of scientists/church officials for determining earth's age** | |
| How to determine age of rocks from oldest to youngest | Superposition and uniformitarianism principles |
| Precambrian dates | 540mya to the beginning of earth 4.6bya |
| Significance and uniqueness of Precambrian | period where there were not fossilized organisms, pretty much only single cell until the very end |
| Difference between absolute and relative ages of rocks | relative ages is just compared to others, absolute age is specific time in history, ie since earth solidified |
| Equation for estimating sediment deposition time | A = T/R where A = age of sequence of rocks, T = thickness of strata, R = rate of sediment accumulation |
| Relative masses of atomic components | Neutron -> proton -> electron |
| Order of major geologic time periods | Anthropocene -> Holocene -> Pleistocene |
| Acronym for major geologic time periods | |
| Be able to use half-life concept | need to know rate of decay and original ratio, |
| parent-to-daughter ratio | % of rock that is parent product (atom) vs. % that is daughter product |
| **LIST OF MAJOR EARTHQUAKES FROM CLASS** | |
| **Significance of each major earthquake** | |
| How to recognize when on a seismogram the first seismic waves arrive | it is the initial pulse above background noise, then s waves are the next pulse, then surface waves are the big waves |
| Which type of waves arrive first from an earthquake | P-waves |
| Kepler's law pneumonic | ellipse -> area -> cubed distance/period^2 shapes easier than area easier than cubes |
| Ellipse definition | geometric curve with the property that the sum of the distances between the foci is a constant |
| theoretical vs empirical explanation | theoretical bases on fundamental understanding of phenomena, empirical just describe observed behavior |
| Newton's first law | a body at rest will remain at rest, in motion will maintain constant motion, unless acted upon by a force |
| Newton's second law | acceleration of an object is proportional to the net force exerted and inversely proportional to the object's mass (F = MA) |
| Newton's third law | for every action equal and opposite reaction |
| Sedimentary rocks | rocks formed from weathered products of pre-existing rocks (sediments) that have been transported, deposited, and lithified (rock-ified) |
| why do the layers end up angled | uplifted, then eroded, which creates angles |
| Charles Lyell vs. Darwin | Lyell was earlier, used evolution to estimate age of rocks, Darwin just contributed that natural selection was the mechanism |
| parent vs daughter nucleus | parent is before emission, daughter is after emission |
| atomic number | number of protons, unique per element, bottom left |
| atomic weight/mass number | number of protons + neutrons, top left |
| Classic Uranium radiation | 92U-238 -> 90Th-234 -> 91Pa-234 -> 92U-234 |
| Decay chain from Uranium-234 down | Alpha decay chain down to PB-214, then double beta, then to PB-210, then double beta, then stable at Pb-206 |
| half life definition | number of years for half of original number of atoms to decay to Pb |
| Electron Capture Decay | Electron is captured, proton becomes neutron, Atomic number -1 atomic mass +0 |
| K40-Ar40 half-life | 1.3 billion years |
| Meteorite use | assumed to be representative of material that formed in earlier solar system, solidified similar time as earth, can date them to determine earth solidified time |
| Sill | layer that has been intruded by younger rocks |
| Ionic bond | electron transfer to complete outer electron shells, NaCl example |
| Covalent bond | share external electrons to complete shell (think hydrocarbons) |
| Metallic bond | electron cloud of electrons around ions |
Created by:
zkogut7
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