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bio diversity unit
biology diversity unit test review
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| pathogens | infectious bacteria which are responsible for many diseases |
| bacteria | unicellular, prokaryotic organisms |
| bacteria classification | movement, nutrition, shape and stain |
| spherical | coccus |
| rod | bacillus |
| spiral | spirillum |
| staphylo | in clumps |
| strepho | in a chain |
| diplo | in a pair |
| mono | single |
| gram positive | has thick peptidoglycan cell walls stained purple |
| gram negative | has tin peptidoglycan cell walls stained pink |
| autotrophic | makes their own food and chemosynthetic |
| heterotrophic | gets its energy from eating other organisms |
| facultative aerobes | can live with or without oxygen |
| obligate aerobes | must have oxygen to survive |
| asexual reproduction | the parent cell duplicates its chromosomes, cell wall divides, and then you get two cells |
| conjugation | the transfer of genetic material between bacteria through cell to cell contact |
| transformation | occurs when a cell absorbs loose fragment of DNA from its environment |
| endospores | makes survival possible for bacteria in extreme conditions |
| bacterial diseases | minor like ear infections or major like the bubonic plague |
| thermophiles | they live in extremely hot places |
| methanogens | they live in volcano vents and intestines in mammals; produce CO2; gives off methane |
| halophiles | they live in extremely salty conditions |
| psychrophiles | they live in extremely cold conditions |
| eubacteria | most common type of bacteria |
| vectors | this is anything that can carry a pathogen from one to another |
| passive immunity | aimed at stopping the pathogen getting into the body in the first place |
| active immunity | after the pathogen gets into the body, this activates |
| white blood cells | they can ingest and destroy pathogens while also producing antitoxins |
| phagocytes | either ingesting and absorbing pathogens or toxins or releases enzymes to destroy |
| lymphocytes | each of them carries a specific type of antibody |
| antibody | a protein that has a chemical fit to a certain antigen which neutralize pathogens |
| memory t-cells | remembers that particular pathogens and destroy it before you feel the effects and get sick |
| antibiotics | slow or destroys the growth of bacteria not pathogens |
| virus | small infectious non-living particle containing genetic material in form of DNA or RNA |
| bacteriophages | types of bacteria that only infect and destroy bacterial cells |
| RNA | ribonucleic acid quite similar to DNA |
| lytic cycle | AISAL -> a cycle where the virus infects and destroys the host cell |
| lysogenic cycle | the dormant state of virus which enters the host cell and then remains inactive |
| retrovirus | single stranded RNA virus that targets a host cell and once inside, it uses its own enzyme to produce DNA but reverse |
| viroid | small infectious piece of RNA responsible for serious diseases in plants |
| Prions | abnormally shaped infectious protein responsible for brain diseases |
| endosymbiotic theory | the idea that a long time ago prokaryotic cells engulfed other prokaryotic cells by endocytosis |
| plant like protists | classified as one of 3 types according to certain features ; photosynthetic and heterotrophic |
| euglena | has an eyespot, flagellum used to move and reproduces by binary fission |
| red or brown algae | lives in wet environments; multicellular; carries out photosynthesis |
| green algae | known as phytoplankton; responsible for 80% of the world's oxygen |
| fungi-like protists | aka slime molds because when they move, they leave behind a slime trail |
| animal-like protists | aka zooplankton, are heterotrophic |
| amoeba | move with pseudopodia; engulfs food called phagocytosis; reproduces by binary fission |
| paramecium | cilia to move; has oral grove to eat; cilia move food to oral grove; digestion takes place in gullet; waste is expelled from a vacuole through the anal pore |
| red tides | a bloom of toxic red dinoflagellates |
| biodiversity | the number and variety of species in an ecosystem |
| emergent properties | cell > tissue > organ > organ system |
| food | converted to energy and used for cellular respiration |
| cellular respiration | the process by which cells use oxygen to produce energy from food |
| maintaining homeostasis | the regulation of your internal body |
| reaction to environment | all living things react to a stimuli |
| reproduction | the process of producing offspring |
| DNA | genetic blueprint that builds different types of cells |
| growth | increase in size/number of cells aka mitosis |
| adaptation | modifications that make an organism suited to its surroundings |
| death | breakdown of cells so they can be turned into nutrients which can be recycled to make more living things |
| monoculture | one single crop over a large area |
| species | a group of similar organisms that can breed and produce fertile offspring |
| hybridization | the cross-breeding of two different species |
| morphology | to reproduce asexually/described by their physical characteristics |
| evolutionary change | a change that occurs in an entire population that has separated; usually occurs over a long period of time |
| genetic diversity | a measure of genetic variation in same/similar species |
| species diversity | variety of different kinds of organisms that make up a community |
| structural diversity | the range of physical shapes and sizes within an ecosystem |
| biological classification | group of organisms based on their physical traits and similarities in DNA |
| taxonomy | science of classification |
| genus | a group of closely related species; first part of the scientific name in BN |
| binomial nomenclature | a system for giving each organism a two word scientific name |
| taxon | group or level of organization into which organisms are classified |
| dichotomous key | type of chart used to identify organisms |
| phylogeny | history of evolution of organisms |
| phylogenic tree | type of chart showing the evolutionary relationship between species |
| clade | taxonomic grouping that includes only a single ancestor and all of its descendants |
| prokaryotic | a unicellular organism; naked DNA; lacks organelles |
| eukaryotic | a multicellular organism; DNA in a nucleus; has organelles |
| domain | first and largest taxonomic group |
| 7 levels of classification | kingdom; phylm; class; order; family; genus; species |
| three domains of life | eubacteria, archaea, eukaryote |
| most common unicellular fungus | yeast |
| symbiotic relationship | where both parties involved benefit from the interaction |
| parasitic relationship | where one party benefits while the other is harmed |
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