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BIO170 - Obj 1
BIO170 - Objective 1 - Disease
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What is disease? | the failure of normal adaptive mechanisms to stress |
| What is stress? | the non-specific response of the body to any demand which is placed upon it |
| What are examples of universal stressors? | 1) physical trauma, temperature extremes, viral & microbial infections, toxins 2)stress can be physical, emotional, vocational, social, or cultural |
| What are the 4 components of a normal stress response? | 1) production of corticotropin releasing factor from hypothalamus; 2) release of corticotropin (ACTH) from pituitary 3) release of cortisol & other corticosteroids from the adrenal cortex 4) sympathetic response |
| Is stress handled the same in all individuals? | no - it is very individualized; stress thresholds vary and different stressors effect some individuals more than others |
| Generally, what are tropins responsible for? | growth & development |
| What is the connection between the hypothalamus and the pituitary? | the infundibulum (consists of neurons & blood vessels) |
| What controls the release of ACTH from the pituitary? What is another name for ACTH? | CRF (released by the hypothalamus) controls the release of ACTH; ACTH is aka corticotropin |
| What is the function of ACTH? | it stimulates the adrenal cortex to secrete glucocorticoids |
| What is an example of a glucocorticoid? | cortisol |
| What are the body's 4 responses to cortisol? | 1) decreased inflammatory & immune response 2) elevated plasma glucose and amino acid concentration 3) lipolysis 4) increased plasma volume |
| What causes the decrease in the inflammatory & immune response? (4) | cortisol -> 1) causes a decrease in WBCs in the body (esp eosinophils, lymphocytes, monocytes, & macrophages) 2) suppresses immunoglobulin production 3) decreases production of mediators 4) stabilizes the lysosomes inside the cells |
| What is another name for immunoglobins? | antibodies |
| What are examples of mediators? | histamine, prostaglandins, kinins, and others |
| Why are the lysosomes stabilized? What is the impact of this? | the lysosomes stabilize because cell function has decreased; the result is that the cells is less likely to self-destruct |
| What is another word for cellular self-destruction? | apoptosis |
| How does cortisol cause the elevation of plasma glucose? | gluconeogenesis and glycogenolysis |
| What is gluconeogenesis? | the production of glycogen from fats and proteins |
| What is glycogenolysis? | the splitting of stored glycogen from the liver (and muscle) |
| What is lipolysis? What is the impact of cortisol on lipolysis? | the breakdown of lipids (which can then be converted to glucose); cortisol causes redistribution of fats, from the extremities to the trunk, face, and back |
| What condition results from an excessive production of cortisol? | Cushing's syndrome (or Cushing's disease), characterized by moon face, hump back ("buffalo hump", heavy trunk, thin extremities |
| Why does cortisol cause increased plasma volume? | similar to aldosterone, cortisol causes increased blood sodium levels and accordingly, increased water retention, resulting in increased plasma volume |
| What is the impact of increased plasma volume? | 1) increased plasma volume benefits the transport of oxygen 2) causes hypertension due to dilation of blood vessels |
| What type of mechanism is sympathetic nervous system activation? | both a neural & hormonal mechanism |
| What are the components of the sympathetic response? | 1) sympathetic neurons are stimulated (autonomic nervous system); 2) adrenal medulla is stimulated; 3) various systemic effects are manifested |
| What does the adrenal medulla produce? Where are these substances released? | the adrenal medulla produces epinephrine, norepinephrine, and dopamine; these hormones are released directly into the bloodstream |
| Why is sypmathetic arousal considered a systemic "whole body" response? | because neurotransmitters are produced at neural synapses and hormones are secreted into the bloodstream |
| What are the 6 systemic effects of the sympathetic response? | 1) increase in heart rate; 2) increase in strength of cardiac contraction; 3) increase in respiratory rate & depth (w/bronchodilation->improved oxygenation of blood); 4) CNS arousal; 5) increased blood pressure; 6) mydriasis |
| What causes the CNS to be aroused? | increased glucose metabolism & increased blood flow |
| How does sympathetic nervous system stimulation impact the various muscles? | 1) peripheral vasoconstriction affects all vascular beds except those to the skeletal muscles; 2) vasodilation to skeletal muscles improves oxygenation and performance of the muscle |
| What is the impact of sympathetic nervous stimulation to the heart? | vasoconstriction increases mean arterial pressure (MAP) and the increase in strength of myocardial contraction increases the venous return to the heart |
| What is mydriasis? | dilation of the pupil |
| What is acute? | rapid onset and development of symptoms; often used to indicate a severe condition |
| What is chronic? | slow onset and development of symptoms; often used to indicate a milder condition |
| What is congenital? | a condition that occurs during gestation, during embryonic or fetal development |
| What is the difference between genetic, hereditary, and familial diseases? | genetic & hereditary conditions have been investigated-genetic inheritance has been at least partially determined; in familial diseases, the disease is found in members of the same family group at a statistically higher rate than would be expected |
| What is an example of a genetic or hereditary condition? What is its genetic mutation? | Cystic Fibrosis is a condition which is inherited as part of a genetic mutation of chromosome 7 |
| What is an example of a familial disease or trait? What is the increased risk? | coronary heart disease; an individual with a positive family history is 2-7 times more likely to contract the disease |
| Why is familial disease not considered genetic or hereditary? | because the pattern of genetic inheritance has not yet been completely determined |
| What is idiopathic disease? | disease whose cause has not been determined |
| What is an example of a idiopathic disease? | idiopathic hypertension (the most common form) |
| What are iatrogenic or nosocomial illnesses? | Diseases & disorders caused by medical or surgical care; examples of iatrogenic conditions include postoperative infection or bleeding (i.e. would not have occurred w/o the surgery); nosocomial diseases & disorders are caused by hospitalization |
Created by:
debmurph
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