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microbiology test 2
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| what is a genome | The sum total of genetic material of an organism |
| gene preferred definition | a segment of DNA that contains the necessary code to make a protein or an RNA |
| replication definition | DNA is used as a template (pattern) to make new DNA |
| transcription definition | DNA is used to synthesize (make) RNA |
| translation definition | RNA used to produce proteins |
| mRNA | (messenger RNA) string of ribonucleotides which code for one or more polypeptide |
| tRNA | (transfer RNA) – RNA that transfers amino acids from the cytoplasm to ribosomes for placement in polypeptide chains ACRP all cops R police |
| what is an anticodon | 3 base pair sequence that is in tRNA and is used to read mRNA |
| what is a conjugation | a mode of genetic exchange in which a plasmid or other genetic material is transferred from a donor to a recipient cell via a direct connection |
| what is fertility (F) plasmid (factor) | contains genes which direct the synthesis of proteins that self assemble into conjugation pili (sex pili) |
| what is a metabolism | All chemical reactions and workings of a cell |
| what is anabolism | Biosynthesis: synthesis of cell molecules and structures |
| what is catabolism | Break the bonds of larger molecules to release energy |
| what is a catalyst | speed up the rate of a chemical reaction without becoming part of the products or consumed in the reaction |
| what do enzymes do | lower the activation energy of a reaction |
| definition of a substrate | reaction molecules upon which enzymes act |
| product definition | the material resulting from an enzymatic reaction |
| cofactor definition | nonprotein portion; organic or inorganic (metal ions) |
| what is oxidation | the loss of electrons |
| what is a endergonic reaction | Require the addition of energy to move forward |
| breaks definition | a six-carbon molecule into two three carbon molecules |
| fermentation definition | metabolizes pyruvate and oxidizes NADH to NAD+ No ATP is generated |
| important events of the krebs cycle | – Oxidation of Carbon – Transfer of electrons to coenzymes, NAD and FAD. – Substrate level phosphorylation |
| how many ATP's does NADH produce | 3 |
| The final electron acceptor is ___, which is released as ___ | O2, H2O |
| during electron transport... | protons are transferred outside the membrane to create a proton gradient across the membrane |
| how many ATP yields from 1 glucose molecule (total) | 38 ATP |
| how many ATP does fermentation produce | 2 |
| what is beta-oxidation | fatty acids are broken down into two carbon molecules at a time and passed into the Krebs cycle as acetyl-CoA |
| in protein catabolism resulting molecules... | enter glycolysis, fermentation or the Krebs cycle |
| Chemoheterotrophs | get energy from breaking down organic compounds of other organisms. |
| chemoheterotrophs cause... | disease |
| definition of facultative anaerobes | ordinarily use aerobic metabolism in the presence of oxygen, but will use anaerobic metabolism in the absence of oxygen |
| what is capnophile | carbon dioxide loving organisms |
| definition of obligate | aerobes and facultative anaerobes have both superoxide dismutase and catalase. "can't live without" |
| what is commensalism | Commensal: receives benefits |
| definition of antagonism | – Arises when members of a community compete – One microbe secretes chemical substances into the surrounding environment that inhibit or destroy other microbes |
| what are normal microbiota | microbes that normally live on the skin, alimentary tract, and other sites. |
| what are biofilms | mixed communities of different kinds of bacteria that grow on the surface of a habitat |
| what is a colony | a single cell (on solid medium grows/divides to form a visible cluster of cells) |
| what are viruses | infectious agents that are too small to be seen with a light microscope They are not cells |
| obligate intracellular parasites | can only reproduce inside living organisms |
| what is a genome | the full complement of DNA and RNA carried by a cell |
| viruses either.. | contain either DNA or RNA but not both |
| what is a nucleocapsid | genome plus capsid, but no envelope |
| spikes allow... | Allow viruses to dock with their host cells |
| 3 classifications of viruses and what they mean | capsid-shape presense-or absence of an envelope and its shape (Host range) specificity-Nucleic acid content (DNA or RNA) |
| what is a Icosahedral virus | a shape with 20 triangular faces |
| what is viral specificity | the specific kinds of cells a virus can infect |
| what is uncoating | once inside the viral DNA is released from the protein coat by enzymes from the host or from the virus |
| what is release | this process results in the formation of the viral envelope |
| what is the lytic cycle | sequence of events in which a phage infects a bacterial cell, reproduces itself and destroys the cell |
| what is lysogeny | process in which a virus infects a cell and inserts its viral DNA inside the cell’s chromosome. |
| what is a prion and where is it found | an infectious particle consisting of protein and lacking DNA Found in mammals |
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paigefigs
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