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Soil Horizons

Classification schemes for genetic soil horizons

TermDefinition
O Horizon Organic material horizon at top of profile; usually occur in forests; always needs a modifier (i, e, a)
A Horizon Topmost mineral horizon; generally contain partially decomposed organic matter giving darker color
B Horizon horizon that has undergone significant changes in soil genesis making parent material structure no longer discernable; often have minerals accumulated through illuviation
E Horizon horizon highly leached of clay, iron, and Al oxides; concentrated in quartz; light in color; typical in forests, rare in grasslands
C Horizon unconsolidated material underlying the solum which still retains qualities of the parent material; below area of high biologic activity
R Layers consolidated rock with little evidence of erosion
Transitional Horizon layers between master horizons which have characteristics dominated by one horizon, but also have characteristics of another
A/B horizon Transitional horizon where distinct part have properties of A while other parts have the properties of B
BA horizon Transitional horizon which is primarily described as B, but also has some properties of A
Oi fibric material, slightly decomposed recognizable plant and animal parts; litter layer
Oe Hemic material; intermediately decomposed; finely fragmented residue; fibrous when rubbed between fingers
Oa Sapric material; high decomposed, smooth, amorphous; no fiber or recognizable tissue
Ap plowing or other disturbances
Bt Accumulation of silicate clays
Bk Accumulation of carbonates; common in arid and semiarid
By Accumulation of gypsum; common in arid and semiarid
Bn accumulation of sodium
Bz Accumulation of soluble salts
Bc concretions or nodules
Bm cementation or induration
Bs illuvial organic matter and iron, aluminum oxides
Bq Accumulation of silica
Bh illuvial accumulation of organic matter
Bg Strong gleying (mottling)
Bw Distinctive color or structure without clay accumulation
Bo accumulation of iron and aluminum oxides
O, A, E, B, C, R Order of soil horizons
Created by: cpfc_brain
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