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Biology Ch. 12
DNA & Protein Synthesis
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| protein | an organic compound that is made of one or more chains of amino acid |
| DNA | macromolecule that codes for proteins |
| RNA | a single stranded macromolecule that creates proteins from a genetic code |
| ribosome | organelles that is the site of protein synthesis |
| mRNA | type of RNA that carries instructions from the DNA (in the nucleus) to the ribosome |
| rRNA | type of RNA that makes up part of the ribosome |
| tRNA | type of RNA that carries amino acids to the ribosome |
| amino acid | building blocks of protein |
| protein synthesis | forming proteins based on information in DNA and carried out by RNA |
| transcription | the process where DNA is copied into mRNA; occurs in the nucleus |
| translation | process where mRNA is decoded and a protein is produced; occurs AT the ribosome IN the cytoplasm |
| codon | three nucleotide sequence in mRNA that codes for a single amino acid |
| anticodon | three nucleotide sequence on a tRNA molecule that is complementary to a mRNA codon |
| nucleotide | the building blocks of nucleic acids such as DNA and RNA |
| deoxyribose | the sugar found in the nucleotides of DNA |
| ribose | the sugar found in the nucleotides of RNA |
| A, T, C, G | the nitrogen bases found in the nucleotides of DNA |
| A, U, C, G | the nitrogen bases found in the nucleotides of RNA |
| phosphate group | the part of the nucleotide that is NOT the sugar and NOT the nitrogen base |
| double helix | the shape of a DNA molecule |
| complementary bases | nitrogen bases that match each other |
| hydrogen bonds | what holds the two sides of DNA together; connecting the complementary nitrogen bases |
| replication | the production of an exact copy of a DNA strand before cell division |
| gene | a section of DNA that codes for a protein |
| mutation | a change in the DNA sequence that affects the protein it codes for |
| point mutation | a change in a single base pair in DNA |
| frameshift mutation | when a single base is added or deleted to the DNA sequence, resulting in a shift in the reading of codons by one base |
| deletion | a chromosomal mutation when part of the chromosome is left out |
| insertion | a chromosomal mutation when part of a chromatid breaks off and attaches to a sister chromatid |
| inversion | a chromosomal mutation when part of a chromosome breaks off and is reinserted backwards |
| translocation | a chromosomal mutation when part of a chromosome breaks off and is added to another chromosome (not the sister chromatid) |
| mutagens | environmental agents that cause changes in DNA such as radiation, chemicals, viruses, etc |
Created by:
Mrs. Meeks SHS
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