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Bio Test #4

TermDefinition
Cell cycle The process a cell goes through each time it divides.
G1 The cell increases in size.
G2 Protein synthesis and organelle synthesis.
S DNA replication
M The number of cells increases.
Mitosis Cell and nuclear splitting.
G0 Where cells that stop dividing go.
Apoptosis Kills damaged cells.
Cancer Uncontrolled cell growth.
Mitosis The process in which one parent cell divides to make two new daughter cells.
Cytokinesis The splitting of the cytoplasm.
Somatic cells Any cell in the body except reproductive cells.
Gametes Reproductive cells. The only cells that go through meiosis.
Prophase The nuclear membrane breaks down, replicated chromosomes coil up, and spindle fibers start to form.
Metaphase The nuclear membrane is gone. Chromosomes are positioned at the metaphase plate in the middle of the cell by the spindle fibers.
Anaphase Sister chromatids are split apart and each moves towards opposite sides of the cell.
Telophase New nuclei form around each set of chromosomes on opposite sides. A cleavage furrow is apparent in the cell membrane.
DNA replication The process of copying and duplicating a DNA molecule.
Centromere The region where the cell's spindle fibers attach.
Sister chromatids A sister chromatid refers to the identical copies formed by the DNA replication of a chromosome. Both copies are joined together by a centromere.
Metaphase plate Where the chromosomes are aligned during metaphase.
Centrioles Helps organize the spindle fibers.
Mitotic spindle or spindle fibers The structure that helps organize the chromosomes.
Asexual reproduction Reproduction that produces two genetically identical daughter cells. It also does not need two parent cells or gametes.
Chromatin A mixture of DNA and proteins that form the chromosomes.
Chromosomes Coiled up DNA.
Meiosis, meiosis 1, meiosis 2 Meiosis is the asexual reproduction of cell in sex organs that creates gametes. Meiosis 1 contains a diploid variating its genetic makeup and turning into haploids, which become 4 haploids in meiosis 2.
Gonads Organs, like the testicles or ovaries, that produce gametes.
Diploid (2n) vs haploid (1n) A diploid cell contains twice as much DNA as a haploid.
Prophase 1 and 2 The phase in meiosis where DNA crosses over (only in prophase 1) and condenses into chromosomes.
Metaphase 1 and 2 The phase in meiosis where homologous chromosomes (metaphase 1) or sister chromatids (metaphase 2) line up on the metaphase plate and are attached to spindle fibers.
Anaphase 1 and 2 The phase in meiosis when homologous chromosomes or sister chromatids are pulled apart and to opposite poles by spindle fibers attached to centrioles.
Telophase 1 and 2 The phase in meiosis when the diploid splits into 2 haploids (telophase 1) or the haploids split into 4 haploids (telophase 2).
Cytokinesis (#2) The phase after meiosis in which the cell completely splits.
Fertilization The act of a sperm cell entering an egg and creating a diploid cell.
Sperm cell A haploid gamete from the father’s testicles.
Egg cell A haploid gamete from the mother’s ovaries.
Crossing over The process by which homologous chromosomes cross over and exchange genetic information leading to variation.
Independent assortment When genes separate from each other in meiosis, this leads to variation in offspring.
Tetrad 4 chromosomes.
Chiasma The X shape of a chromosome.
Alleles Traits within genes, containing dominant and recessive genes.
Homologous chromosomes A set of chromosomes, one of which coming from the father, and the other from the mother.
Recombinant chromatids Chromatids that have been altered by crossing over with other chromatids.
Sexual reproduction The act of a sperm cell fertilizing with an egg cell to create a diploid zygote.
Zygote The cell created from fertilization that will grow into a fetus.
Created by: soph.26
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