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Exam 1
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Cell Theory | # All organisms are composed of cells.#Cells are capable of self-reproduction, and new cells come only from preexisting cells. |
| Cell Size | Cells must remain small in order to have an adequate ratio of surface-area-to-volume for exchange of nutrients/waste with environment. |
| Prokaryotic Cells | Cells that lack a membrane-bound nucleus, more structurally simple but metabolically diverse than eukaryotes. Compose domains Archaea and Eubacteria. |
| Eukaryotic Cells | Cells that are structurally complex with the presence of a nucleus. Compose Domain Eukarya. |
| Plasma Membrane | Consists of a phospholipid bilayer embedded with protein molecules and all cells are surrounded by it. |
| Nucleus | An organelle in Eukaryotic cells that store the genetic material (DNA) of the cell. |
| Nucleolus | An area of the nucleus that ribosomal RNA (rRNA) is produced and where rRNA joins with proteins to form the subunits of ribosomes. |
| Chromatin | Many strands in an Eukaryotic cell that are made up of DNA and associated proteins. |
| Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER) | A complicated system of membranous channels and sacs that is physically continuous with the outer membrane of the nuclear envelope. |
| Golgi Apparatus | An organelle that consists of a stack of three to twenty slightly curved sacs and it collects, sorts, packages, and distributes materials such as proteins and lipids. |
| Vesicles | Tiny membranous sacs. |
| Nuclear Envelope | A double membrane that separates the nucleus from the cytoplasm. |
| Ribosomes | Organelles that are responsible for the synthesis of proteins using messenger RNA as a template and are composed of two subunits called "large" and "small" because of their relative sizes. |
| Protein Synthesis | After being synthesized by ribosomes, proteins are sent to be secreted from cells |
| Lysosomes/peroxisomes | Membrane-bound vesicles produced by the Golgi apparatus that contain hydrolytic digestive enzymes. They are the garbage disposals of the cell. |
| Vacuole | A large membranous sac. |
| Mitochondria | An organelle that converts substrates broken down in the cytoplasm into ATP. |
| ATP | Nucleotide with three phosphate groups; makes energy available for energy-requiring processes in cells. |
| Chloroplasts | Uses solar energy to synthesize carbohydrates. |
| Cytoskeleton | An organelle with protein components that interconnect and extend from the nucleus to the plasma membrane in eukaryotic cells. It maintains the the shape of the cell and allows its parts to move. |
| Cilia and Flagella | Hairlike projections that can move either in an undulating fashion, like a whip, or stiffly, like an oar. |
| Glycoproteins | Proteins that have attached carbohydrate (sugar) chains which only occur on the outside surface of the plasma membrane. |
| Glycolipids | Phospholipids that have attached carbohydrate (sugar) chains which only occur on the outside surface of the plasma membrane. |
| cholesterol | A steroid formed by the body or digested; transported in the blood by complex of lipids and proteins; strengthens, stiffens, and regulates the fluidity of the plasma membrane. |
| Selectively Permeable | A function of the plasma membrane where only certain substances can move across the membrane while others cannot. |
| Homeostasis | The process of regulating the entrance and exit of molecules in a cell to maintain a steady internal environment of a cell and organism. |
| Channel Proteins | An integral protein that is involved in the passage of molecules through the membrane. |
| Carrier Proteins | An integral protein that is involved in the passage of molecules through the membrane by combining with a substance and helping it to move. |
| Receptor Proteins | Integral proteins that have a shape that allows a specific molecule to bind to it. The binding of this molecule causes a protein to change its shape and thereby bring about a cellular response. |
| Cell Recognition Proteins | Glycoproteins that help the body recognize when it is being invaded by pathogens so that an immune reaction can occur. |
| Enzymatic Proteins | Integral proteins that directly carry out metabolic reactions. |
| Concentration Gradient | When molecules move from an area where their concentration is high to an area where their concentration is low. |
| Facilitated Transport | The passage of such molecules as glucose and amino acids across the plasma membrane even though they are not lipid-soluble. |
| Hypertonic Solutions | Solutions that cause cells to shrink or shrivel due to loss of water. |
| Hypotonic Solutions | Solutions that cause cells to swell, or burst, due to an intake of water. |
| Isotonic Solutions | The solute concentration and the water concentration both inside and outside the cell are equal, and therefore there is no net gain or loss of water. |
| Aquaporins | Special channel proteins that allow water to quickly cross the membrane. |
| Cell Wall | Located outside the plasma membrane and acts as a form of protection for bacteria. (Only in some eukaryotes) |
| Passive Transport | No energy needed; movement down concentration gradient |
| Active Transport | ATP needed; movement against concentration gradient |
| Endocytosis | A portion of the plasma membrane folds on itself to envelop the substance going in, and then the membrane pinches off to form an intracellular vesicle. |
| Exocytosis | A vesicle fuses with the plasma membrane as secretion occurs. |
| Sodium-Potassium Pump | A carrier protein that changes shape after the attachment of the phosphate group, and after its detachment, allows the carrier to combine alternately with sodium ions and potassium ions. |
| Krebs Cycle/Citric Acid Cycle | For each glucose molecule, the Krebs cycle must complete two circuits to completely break down the two pyruvate molecules found in glucose. |
| Electron Transport Chain | Process in a cell that involves the passage of electrons along a series of membrane-bound electron carrier molecules from a higher to a lower energy level; the energy released is used for the synthesis of ATP |
| Glycolysis | anaerobic breakdown of glucose that results in a gain of two ATP and the production of pyruvate; occurs in the cytoplasm of cells. |
| ATP synthase | complex of proteins in the cristae of mitochondria and thylakoid membrane of chloroplasts that produces ATP from the diffusion of hydrogen ions across a membrane |
| fermentation | anaerobic breakdown of glucose that results in a gain of two ATP and end products such as alcohol and lactate; occurs in the cytoplasm of cells |
| Polyribosomes | Several ribosomes associated simultaneously with a single mRNA molecules. |
| Secretion | When secretory vesicles proceed to the plasma membrane where they discharge their contents. |
| Cellular Respiration | The process by which the chemical energy of carbohydrates is converted to that of ATP. |
| Organelle | "Small organs" of the cell that carry out specific functions |
| Nucleus | "Brain" of the cell, control center; Contains DNA (genetic material) |
| Mitochondria | "Powerhouse" or "Energy producer"; makes energy for the cell |
| Vesicles | "Mail men," small membrane bound sacs that transport materials around cell and to cell membrane |
| Vacuole | "warehouse," stores food, water, waste; larger in plant cells |
| Lysosome | breaks down larger food molecules into smaller molecules; digests old cell parts |
| Ribosome | makes proteins |
| Endoplasmic reticulum | "Cell highway", transports goods and materials throughout the cell |
| Golgi body | "Quality control", fixes or changes proteins made by the cell |
| Cytoskeleton | Gives the cell shape |
| Cell Wall | Gives support and protection to cell; only in plant cells |
| Cell Membrane | "Border control", controls what comes in and out of the cell; maintains homeostasis |
| Chloroplasts | Where photosynthesis occurs; in plant cells only |
| Mitochondria | In both plant and animal cells; takes sugar and turns it into energy (ATP) |
| Nucleus | In both plant and animal cells; controls cellular functions: the brain |
| Central vacuole | Plant cells have large one to store water and food |
| Cell wall | rigid outer layer of the plant cell that adds structure and protects |
| Cell membrane | In both plant AND animal cells; allows things to enter or exit the cell |
| Ribosomes | Synthesizes (makes) protein |
| Cytoplasm | Jelly-like substance the cell organelles float in |
| Atom | Smallest particle of an element |
| Trace organization of life from the cell to the biosphere. | Cell, tissue, organ, organ system, organism, species, population, community, ecosystem, and biosphere. |
| Cell | Basic unit of life |
| Tissue | group of similar cells that perform a particular function |
| Organ | several types of body tissues that together form a function |
| organ system | A group of organs that work together in performing vital body functions. |
| What is energy? | the ability to do work |
| Reproduction in most single-celled organisms is usually done by | splitting in the DNA in half |
| What is homeostasis? | Maintaining a stable internal environment |
| What is a stimuli? | something that causes a reaction in an organism |
| How do organisms respond to stimuli | move towards or away from it |
| What is natural selection? | the process whereby organisms better adapted to their environment tend to survive and produce more offspring |
| What are the three domains? | Bacteria, Archaea, Eukarya |
| Bacteria Domain Characteristics | single-celled prokaryotic organisms - most diverse and widespread |
| Archaea Domain Characteristics | Prokaryotic Cells Extreme Environment |
| Eurkarya Domain Characteristics | True Nucleus, Plants, Animals, Fungus, Prostista |
| The classification of organisms In order of most Inclusive to least inclusive | domain, kingdom, phylum, class, order, family, genus, species (Dear King Philip Came Over For Good Soup) |
| Biology | The study of life |
| Hypothesis | An educated guess |
| Theory | well-tested explanation that unifies a broad range of observations |
| independent variable | The experimental factor that is manipulated; the variable whose effect is being studied. |
| dependent variable | The measurable effect, outcome, or response in which the research is interested. |
| Constant Variable | The variable that doesn't change |
| What is matter? | Anything that has mass and takes up space |
| What are the elements that make up 95 % of organisms by weight | Carbon Hydrogen, Nitrogen, Oxygen, Phosphate, Sulfur (CHNOPS) |
| Molecule | atoms of two or more of the same elements joined by chemical bonds |
| Compound | atoms of two or more different elements joined by chemical bonds |
| Properties of water | cohesion, adhesion, excellent solvent, solid is less dense than liquid, specific heat |
| water adhesion | water molecules stick to other kinds of substances (H bonding) |
| Water cohesion | water molecules stick to each other (H bonding) |
| Water solvent | water has a remarkable capacity to dissolve a great variety of solutes, this is due to the polarity of water. |
| Water less dense as solid | -ice floats because solid ice is LESS DENSE than liquid water-water is the only substance on earth that expands as its temperature decreases |
| Water and heat | Absorb a great amount of heat before evaporating |
| Calorie | Amount of energy needed to raise temperature 1 gram of water 1 degree C |
| pH scale | scale with values from 0 to 14, a pH of 0 to 7 is acidic, a pH of 7 is neutral, and a pH of 7 to 14 is basic |
| What two organic molecules always have | .Carbon and Hydrogen |
| Carbohydrates | Broken down to glucose to provide "quick fuel" |
| Monosaccharides | Single sugar molecules |
| Disacharidases | enzyme that break down complex sugars (like sucrose) into simple sugars (like glucose) for digestion |
| Polysaccharides | Carbohydrates that are made up of more than two monosaccharides |
| Starch | storage form of glucose in plants |
| Glycogen | storage form of glucose in animals |
| Lipids | Energy-rich organic compounds, they are also hydrophobic |
| Fats (saturated fats) | lipids that are solid at room temperature |
| Oils (unsaturated fats) | lipids that are liquid at room temperature |
| emulisification | breakdown from large globules to small droplets. |
| Trans fat | Man-made fats that have a longer shelf life |
| phospholipid | Two fatty acids containing a phosphate group, the head attracts water and the tails repel water |
| Steriods | A class of lipids that have a basic structure of four linked carbon rings and include cholesterol, testosterone, and estrogen |
| Protein and functions | Chains of amino acid monomers-structural support, storage, transport, cellular communications, movement, and defense against foreign substances |
| Two types of nucleic acids | DNA and RNA |
| Difference in DNA and RNA | RNA has uracil instead of thymine; DNA is double-stranded and RNA is single-stranded |
| Three components of a nucleotide | phosphate group, sugar (pentosugar), nitrogen base |
| What is ATP? | Adenosine triphosphate, provides energy to many processes like muscle contraction, called the energy currency of the cell |
| Hydrolyzation of ADP | the process of removing a phosphate group from ATP to from ADP, ATP can be formed again by adding another phosphate group |
| biology | the scientific study of life |
| matter | anything that occupies space and has mass; three physical states: solid, liquid, and gas |
| organic compound | a chemical compound containing the element carbon and usually the element hydrogen |
| functional group | a specific configuration of atoms commonly attached to the carbon skeletons of organic molecules and involved in chemical reactions |
| hydrophillic | water-loving polar or charged molecules that are soluble in water |
| macromolecules | a giant molecule formed by the joining of smaller molecules, usually by a dehydration reaction |
| polymer | a long molecule consisting of many identical or similar monomers linked together by covalent bonds |
| monomer | the subunit that serves a building block of a polymer |
| monomer of protein once digested | amino acids |
| monomer of starch once of digested | glucose |
| monomer of fiber once digested | glucose |
| monomer of saturated fats | glycerol and saturated fatty acids |
| monomer of unsaturated fats | glycerol and unsaturated fats |
| monomer of phospholipids | hydrophilic head and fatty acids |
| monomer of DNA | nucleotide |
| dehydration reaction | a chemical reaction in which two molecules become covalently bonded to each other with the removal of a water molecule |
| hydrolysis | a chemical reaction that breaks bonds between two molecules by the addition of water; the process by which polymers are broken down and an essential part of digestion |
| enzyme | a macromolecule, usually a protein that serves as a biological catalyst, changing the rate of a chemical reaction without being consumed by the reaction |
| carbohydrates | member of the class of biological molecules consisting of single monomer sugars, two monomer sugars, and polymers |
| monosaccharide | the simplest carbohydrate; a simple sugar with a molecular formula that is generally some multiple of CH20 |
| glucose | a six-carbon monosaccharide that serves as a building block for many polysaccharides and whose oxidation in cellular respiration is a major source of ATP for cells. |
| disaccharide | a sugar molecule consisting of two monosaccharides linked by a dehydration reaction |
| polysaccharide | a carbohydrate polymer of many monosaccharides (sugars) linked by dehydration reactions |
| starch | a storage polysaccharide in plants; a polymer of glucose |
| glycogen | an extensively branches glucose storage polysaccharide found in liver and muscle cell; the animal equivalent of starch |
| cellulose | a structurl polysaccharide of plant cell walls composed of glucose monomers |
| chitin | a structural polysaccharide found in many fungal cell walls and in the exoskeletons of arthropods |
| lipids | an organic compound consisting mainly of carbon and hydrogen atoms linked by non polar covalent bonds, making mostly hydrophobic compounds |
| main function of fats | energy storage |
| hydrophobic | "water-fearing", non polar molecules that do not dissolve in water |
| fat | a lipid composed of three fatty acids linked to one glycerol molecule; triglyceride |
| unsaturated fatty acid | a fatty acid with one or more double bonds between carbon in the hydrocarbon tail, lacking the maximum number of hydrogen atoms |
| saturated fatty acid | a fatty acid in which all carbons in the hydrocarbon tail are connected by single bonds, where the maximum number of hydrogen atoms are attached to the carbon skeleton |
| trans fat | unsaturated fat linked to health risks that is formed artificially during hydrogenation of vegetable oils |
| phospholipids | a lipid consisting of a glycerol bound to two fatty acids and a phosphate group. |
| protein | a functional biological molecule consisting of one or more polypeptides folded into a specific three-dimensional structure |
| amino acid | an organic molecule consisting of one or more polypeptides folded into a specific three-dimensional structure |
| primary structure | the first level of protein structure; the specific sequence of amino acids making up a polypeptide chain |
| secondary structure | the second level of protein structure the regular local patterns of coils or folds of a polypeptide chain |
| tertiary structure | the third level of protein structure the overall 3D shape of a polypeptide due to interactions of the R groups of the amino acids making up the chain |
| nucleic acid | a complex organic substance present in living cells, especially DNA or RNA, whose molecules consist of many nucleotides linked in a long chain. |
| The biodiversity on earth is estimated to contain over species. | 8.7 million |
| Reproduction in most single-celled organisms is usually done by | Splitting in half |
| Select all of the following that are characteristics of life found in all living organisms. | Respond to stimuli, ability to adapt to environment conditions, can reproduce |
| Plants, which make their own food, require | Both materials and energy to live |
| The type of reproduction that is most often used by multicellular organisms is combining an | egg and sperm |
| A feature, including structure, function, and behavior, that makes an organism better suited to a specific environment is called a(n) | adaptation |
| Taxonomy - | the discipline of identifying and grouping organisms |
| Systematics - | the study of the evolutionary relationships between organisms |
| The characteristic of all organisms that describes a change in behavior when a stimulus is introduced is called | a response |
| Three domains of life are | bacteria, archaea, and eukarya |
| The division of the domain Eukarya into six supergroups reflects the different evolutionary paths of eukaryotes determined by | DNA analyses. |
| Systematics classifies organisms according to their | Evolutionary relationships. |
| An evolutionary adaptation suits an organism to its | Environment |
| In the scientific name for humans, ________ is the species name | sapiens |
| The study of the evolutionary relationships between organisms is called | systematics |
| The largest classification category, of which Bacteria and Eukarya are examples, is | domain |
| Place the following steps of the scientific method in the correct order as they would occur from beginning to end | Observation, hypothesis, experiment, conclusion |
| All eukaryotes are more closely related to one another than to any prokaryote. | True |
| Methods of _______ use all of the senses, including seeing, for which a scientist could use a tool such as a microscope, binoculars, or a telescope. | observation |
| Which of the following is generally tested by experimentation? | A hypothesis |
| Select all of the things that scientists can use to make observations. | Their senses, previous studies, tools, or instruments |
| Which of these is typically used to test a hypothesis? | Experimentations |
| The results of a scientific experiment are called | data |
| A theory is the same as a hypothesis. | False |
| In a study that tests how well two different antibiotics work to treat ulcers, everyone receives the experimental variable (the antibiotics). | False |
| The complete eradication (loss, death, destruction) of a species or larger classification category is called | extinction |
| In science, a concept that is supported by a broad range of observations, experiments, and data (such as evolution) is called | a scientific principle, law, and theory |
| In the experiment to determine the efficacy of two different antibiotics in the treatment of ulcers, what is the experimental variable? | medication type: antibiotic A or antibiotic B |
| Identify the reason why scientists are looking for water on Europa. | Water is the fundamental molecule for all life. |
| The periodic table is arranged by increasing atomic number such that | groups of elements have common physical and chemical characteristics. |
| Atoms with the same number of protons but a different number of neutrons are | isotopes. |
| Select the substances that scientists hypothesize Europa's liquid water may contain if it consists of saltwater. | Organic material, life forms |
| An atom is composed of | elements |
| Groups - | vertical columns |
| periods - | horizontal rows |
| group 8 - | the Nobel gases |
| The outermost electron shell of an atom is called its | valence shell |
| A radioactive isotope, such as carbon-14, emits energy as which of the following? | Subatomic particles, rays |
| When two or more atoms bond together, including two atoms of the same element, | a molecule is formed |
| If an atom gains an electron, it will become a(n) | negatively charged ion |
| When two atoms share electrons in such a way that each atom has an octet of electrons in its outermost orbital, | a covalent bond has formed |
| The valance shell of an atom is important because it | determines many chemical properties of an atom. |
| An atom is considered an ion when it has an unequal number of which of the following? | Protons and electrons |
| The various properties of water, like surface tension and adhesion, are the result of water's ability to form which type of bonds? | Hydrogen |
| When a substance releases hydrogen ions in solution, it is considered a(n) | acid |
| Explain how radiation can be both beneficial and harmful to humans. | Radiation can be helpful because it can kill cancer, is used in X-rays, and can kill bacteria and fungi present on certain stuff. High levels of radiation can cause burns, harm cells, and change DNA structure. |
| Explain why oxygen-16 and oxygen-18 are called isotopes | . They have the same number of electrons and protons, but differ in their number of neutrons. |
| Describe why a carbon atom is capable of forming 4 covalent bonds. | Carbon has six electrons, two in the 1st orbital, and 4 in the 2nd orbital. Its incomplete outer orbital can accept or share 4 electrons, forming 4 covalent bonds. |
| Explain how polar covalent bonds can produce hydrogen bonds. | In polar covalent bonds, the electrons are shared unequally. This causes a weak attraction between the oxygen of one |
| Compare the difference between water's high heat capacity and its high heat of vaporization. | The Heat capacity of water is the amount of energy needed to raise the temperature of 1 g of H2O by 1 degree celsius, whereas the heat of vaporization is the amount of energy needed to convert 1 g of the hottest water to a gas. |
| Explain the importance of functional groups. | Functional groups provide the chemical reactivity and characteristics of the organic molecules. |
| Compare and contrast dehydration and hydrolysis reactions. | Hydrolysis reacts involve the addition of a molecule of water across a chemical bond, splitting the molecule in 2. Dehydration reactions remove a molecule of water joining 2 molecules. |
| List the common characteristics of all living organisms | . 1. Organization, 2. Ways to acquire materials and energy, 3. Reproduction and development, 4. Response to stimuli, 5. Homeostasis, 6. Capacity for adaptation to their environment. |
| Trace organization of life from the cell to the biosphere. | Levels of organization are cell, tissue, organ, organ system, organism, species, population, community, ecosystem, and biosphere. |
| The chemistry that focuses on molecules such as salts and water that constitute non-living matter, but are still important to living things, is termed | inorganic chemistry. |
| How many monosaccharides are in disaccharide? | 2 |
| The chemistry that is focused on living organisms is called | organic |
| Amino, phosphate, sulfhydryl, and carboxy are different types of functional groups that may be attached to_________ molecules, each imparting specific chemical properties. | organic |
| A carbohydrate with a backbone of 3 to 7 carbons, such as glucose or galactose, is a | monosaccharide |
| Starch, glycogen, and cellulose are ______________ that contain long chains of glucose molecules. | polysaccharides |
| In a disaccharide, the monosaccharide subunits are joined together by what type of reaction? | Dehydration |
| Which of the following are lipids? | Steroids, phospholipids, oils, and fats |
| A combination of bonded atoms attached to a carbon skeleton, which always reacts in the same way, is known as a(n) | functional group. |
| Monomer | small subunit of a larger molecule |
| Polymer | large molecule consisting of smaller subunits. |
| Cholesterol is a | steroid |
| The contractile molecules in muscle cells are | proteins |
| Select the functions of fats. | Energy storage, insulation against heat loss, protection of major organs. |
| Phospholipids compose which portion of a cell? | Plasma membrane |
| Select the functions of cholesterol. | precursor of bile salts, precursor of sex hormones, component of the plasma membrane |
| Proteins are composed of monomers called | amino acids |
| Proteins assist the animal body in which of the following ways? | Chemical reactions, fighting off infections, chemical signaling. |
| Primary | the linear sequence of amino acids joined by peptide bonds |
| Secondary | polypeptide orientation in space, including an alpha helix or a beta-pleated sheet |
| Tertiary | the final three-dimensional shape of a protein, maintained by various types of bonding |
| Quaternary | organization of proteins with several polypeptide chains, often seen in enzymes |
| What nucleotide is the energy carrier molecule of a cell? | ATP |
| With regard to protein structure, primary structure is the linear sequence of amino acids joined by | peptide bonds. |
| Describe the differences among a domain, supergroup, and kingdom. Domains are the largest, most inclusive classification category. | A supergroup is a category that is used to classify eukaryotes based on DNA similarities. Kingdoms are a historical classifications system that is being replaced by the use of supergroups. |
| List the levels of taxonomy classification from most inclusive to least inclusive. | Domain, kingdom, phylum, class, order, family, genus, species. For eukaryotes, the supergroup level may be added between domain and kingdom. |
| Distinguish between the roles of the test group and the control group in an experiment. | The control group in an experiment is included to determine if the experiment is sensitive to the effect of the variable of interest. The test group experiences the variable and the group control does not. |
| Explain why the conversation of biodiversities is important to human society. | Biodiversity contributes to the health of ecosystems that we depend on for food, medicines, and raw materials. Ecosystems that are destroyed can no longer function well in water cycling, soil conservation, and chemical cycling. |
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Keelee
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