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BIOL - chapter 29
Seedless Plants
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Approximately 1 billion years ago, land plants shared a common ancestor with _____ | green algae |
| Choose all features that confined the green algal ancestors of plants to water. | Less water availability in a terrestrial environment Higher levels of UV light on land |
| The charophytes, a phylum of ____ that live in freshwater, are close relatives to the ancestral alga that gave rise to all land plants. | green algae |
| Which of the following distinguish land plants from the clade of green algae known as the charophytes? | Multicellular gametophytes Diploid embryos Multicellular sporophytes |
| Over the course of plant evolution, the general trend has been toward | more embryo protection and a smaller gametophyte |
| Approximately how long ago did green algae and the land plants share a common ancestor? | 1 billion years ago |
| The adaptation of plants to a terrestrial environment required | better water loss management |
| What extant organisms are the closest known relatives to the land plants? | Charophytes |
| Which of the following are characteristics of all (with a few exceptions, such as parasitic plants) land plants? | The ability to photosynthesize Diploid embryos Multicellular haploid and diploid generations |
| Over the course of plant evolution from bryophytes to seed plants, the general trend has been toward a significant decrease in the size of the _____ stage in the life cycle | haploid or gametophyte |
| Land plants are protected against mutations due to higher UV exposure by _____ | having a dominant diploid generation |
| In plants, the gametophyte produces _____ and the sporophyte produces ______ | gametes and spores |
| Compared to a haploid genome, a major advantage of a diploid genome is that ______ | each gene is backed up by a second copy |
| In plants, the haploid generation is called the ____, and the diploid generation is the ____ | gametophyte and sporophyte |
| In plants, spores are produced within sporangia through the process of | meiosis |
| Which of the following statements accurately describe the sizes of plant sporophytes and gametophytes? | The gametophyte is never large. The sporophyte may be large or small. |
| The closest living descendants of the first land plants are the | bryophytes |
| In plants, meiosis occurs within what structure? | Sporangia |
| Place the following groups of plants in order according to the sizes of their gametophytes, with the group having the smallest gametophyte at the top. | Seed plants, ferns, and mosses |
| The ____, also known as nontracheophytes, are the closest living descendants of the first land plants. | bryophytes |
| All of the following are examples of vascular plants except | bryophytes |
| Together, the Hepaticophyta, Bryophyta, and Anthocerotophyta make up what clade? | Bryophytes |
| In mosses, male gametangia are called ___, while female gametangia are called ____. | antheridia and archegonia |
| The bryophytes are also known as ______ plants because they lack tracheids | nontracheophyte |
| Which phyla are included within the bryophyte clade? | Hepaticophyta (liverworts) Bryophyta (mosses) Anthocerotophyta (hornworts) |
| In land plants, the gametophyte | may be larger than the sporophyte |
| Antheridia and archegonia produce which of the following, respectively? | Sperm and eggs |
| Hornwort gametophytes are typically provided with nitrogen by their symbiotic, nitrogen-fixing | cyanobacteria |
| In bryophytes, the sperm are flagellated and have to swim to the archegonia; therefore, the presence of _____ is necessary for fertilization | water |
| The first known vascular land plant was | Cooksonia |
| One reason bryophytes require water for fertilization is because their sperm are | flagellated |
| Select all true statements about hornworts. | Their gametophytes are photosynthetic. Of all bryophytes, their sporophytes are most similar to those of vascular plants. Their sporophytes have stomata. |
| Choose the two types of vascular tissue. | Xylem and Phloem |
| Cooksonia is of interest to plant biologists because it is | the first known vascular plant |
| Choose all that are carried in vascular tissue. | Hormones Minerals Sucrose Water |
| The vascular tissue that conducts water and minerals is called ____, while the vascular tissue that conducts sucrose and hormones is called ____ | xylem and phloem |
| The earliest vascular plants had | stems but not roots |
| What structure functions both in support of the plant and transport of water and nutrients in tracheophytes? | Roots |
| Two types of leaves are found in vascular plants: small leaves supported by a single vein called ____, and true leaves, also known as | lycophylls and euphylls |
| Seeds are very resistant structures, that can ____ and nourish the young ____ | protect and embryo |
| Xylem and phloem | conduct minerals and sucrose, respectively |
| During the evolution of plant vascular tissues, which developed first? | Stems |
| Select all functions of roots. | Plant support Transport of water |
| Select all adaptive features of seeds. | They nourish the embryo. They protect the embryo. |
| On of the most important functions of flowers is to | promote genetic diversity |
| The ____ are seedless vascular plants with hollow, jointed stems. | horsetails |
| The closest relatives of seed plants are most likely | ferns |
| Select all functions of fruits. | Seed dispersal Protection of seeds |
| Select all features of horsetails. | Their stems are hollow. They have jointed stems. |
| Among the seedless vascular plants, the most abundant group is the | ferns |
| Evidence suggests that leaves evolved more than once; ____ are small leaves found in the lycophytes and ____ are the true leaves of ferns and seed plants. | lycophylls and euphylls |
| The cone-like structure on a horsetail stem produces haploid | spores |
| Sori are clusters of | sporangia in ferns |
| Choose all components of fern sporophytes. | Fronds Fiddleheads Rhizomes |
| Select all features of fern sporophytes. | Multicellular Vascular Photosynthetic |
| The most abundant group of seedless vascular plants is known by the common name of | ferns |
| Clusters of sporangia on ferns are called | sori |
| The leaves of ferns are called | fronds |
| Fern gametophytes are typically | heart-shaped and cell one layer thick, except in the center |
| A similarity between fern gametophytes and sporophytes is that they | are photosynthetic |
| Select all true statements about fern gametophytes. | They contain archegonia and antheridia. Rhizoids anchor them to their substrate. |
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3ugarciara
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