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Vocab Ch.9
Honors Biology Ch.9 Vocab
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| anaphase | The fourth stage of mitosis, in which the chromatids of each chromosome have separated and the daughter chromosomes are moving to the poles of the cell. |
| anchorage dependence | The requirement that a cell must be attached to a substratum in order to initiate cell division. |
| aster | a cellular structure shaped like a star, formed around each centrosome during mitosis in an animal cell |
| benign tumor | A mass of abnormal cells with specific genetic and cellular changes such that the cells are not capable of surviving at a new site and generally remain at the site of the tumor’s origin. |
| binary fission | A method of asexual reproduction in single-celled organisms in which the cell grows to roughly double its size and then divides into two cells. |
| cell cycle | An ordered sequence of events in the life of a cell, from its origin in the division of a parent cell until its own division into two. |
| cell cycle control system | A cyclically operating set of molecules in the eukaryotic cell that both triggers and coordinates key events in the cell cycle. |
| cell division | The reproduction of cells. |
| cell plate | A membrane-bounded, flattened sac located at the midline of a dividing plant cell, inside which the new cell wall forms during cytokinesis. |
| centromere | In a duplicated chromosome, the region on each sister chromatid where it is most closely attached to its sister chromatid by proteins that bind to the centromeric DNA. |
| centrosome | A structure present in the cytoplasm of animal cells that functions as a microtubule-organizing center and is important during cell division. |
| checkpoint | A control point in the cell cycle where stop and go-ahead signals can regulate the cycle. |
| chromatin | The complex of DNA and proteins that makes up eukaryotic chromosomes. |
| chromosome | A cellular structure consisting of one DNA molecule and associated protein molecules. |
| cleavage | The process of cytokinesis in animal cells, characterized by pinching of the plasma membrane. |
| cleavage furrow | The first sign of cleavage in an animal cell; a shallow groove around the cell in the cell surface near the old metaphase plate. |
| cyclin | any of a group of proteins active in controlling the cell cycle and in initiating DNA synthesis |
| cytokinesis | The division of the cytoplasm to form two separate daughter cells immediately after mitosis, meiosis I, or meiosis II. |
| density-dependent inhibition | The phenomenon observed in normal animal cells that causes them to stop dividing when they come into contact with one another. |
| G 0 phase | A nondividing state occupied by cells that have left the cell cycle, sometimes reversibly. |
| G 1 phase | The first gap, or growth phase, of the cell cycle, consisting of the portion of interphase before DNA synthesis begins. |
| G 2 phase | The second gap, or growth phase, of the cell cycle, consisting of the portion of interphase after DNA synthesis occurs. |
| gamete | A haploid reproductive cell, such as an egg or sperm, that is formed by meiosis or is the descendant of cells formed by meiosis |
| genome | The genetic material of an organism or virus; the complete complement of an organism’s or virus’s genes along with its noncoding nucleic acid sequences. |
| growth factor | A protein that must be present in the extracellular environment for the growth and normal development of certain types of cells or a local regulator that acts on nearby cells to stimulate cell proliferation and differentiation. |
| interphase | The period in the cell cycle when the cell is not dividing |
| kinetochore | A structure of proteins attached to the centromere that links each sister chromatid to the mitotic spindle. |
| malignant tumor | A cancerous tumor containing cells that have significant genetic and cellular changes and are capable of invading and surviving in new sites |
| metaphase | The third stage of mitosis, in which the spindle is complete and the chromosomes, attached to microtubules at their kinetochores, are all aligned at the metaphase plate. |
| metaphase plate | An imaginary structure located at a plane midway between the two poles of a cell in metaphase on which the centromeres of all the duplicated chromosomes are located. |
| metastasis | The spread of cancer cells to locations distant from their original site |
| mitosis | A process of nuclear division in eukaryotic cells conventionally divided into five stages: prophase, prometaphase, metaphase, anaphase, and telophase |
| mitotic (M) phase | (M) The phase of the cell cycle that includes mitosis and cytokinesis. |
| mitotic spindle | An assemblage of microtubules and associated proteins that is involved in the movement of chromosomes during mitosis. |
| origin of replication | Site where the replication of a DNA molecule begins, consisting of a specific sequence of nucleotides |
| prometaphase | The second stage of mitosis, in which the nuclear envelope fragments and the spindle microtubules attach to the kinetochores of the chromosomes. |
| prophase | The first stage of mitosis, in which the chromatin condenses into discrete chromosomes visible with a light microscope, the mitotic spindle begins to form, and the nucleolus disappears but the nucleus remains intact. |
| S phase | The synthesis phase of the cell cycle; the portion of interphase during which DNA is replicated. |
| sister chromatids | Two copies of a duplicated chromosome attached to each other by proteins at the centromere and, sometimes, along the arms |
| somatic cells | Any cell in a multicellular organism except a sperm or egg or their precursors. |
| telophase | The fifth and final stage of mitosis, in which daughter nuclei are forming and cytokinesis has typically begun. |
| transformation | The process by which a cell in culture acquires the ability to divide indefinitely, similar to the division of cancer cells |
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