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Cellular Respiration
Biology
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| producers, autotrophs | use the sun as a source of energy, plants |
| consumers, heterotrophs | use plants as a source of energy (energy originally comes from the sun) |
| hetero --> | different |
| auto --> | self |
| troph --> | nutrition |
| potential energy | stored energy (polysaccharides, proteins, lipids) |
| kinetic energy | used/moving energy |
| ADP | has 2 phosphates, has lower energy |
| ATP | has higher energy, made of adenine, ribose, and 3 phosphates, energy currency of the cell |
| photosynthesis | energy reaction conducted by photosynthesis, occurs in chloroplasts |
| products of photosynthesis | glucose and oxygen |
| cell respiration | energy reaction conduced by the mitochondria |
| products of cell respiration | carbon dioxide, water, ATP |
| glycolysis | occurs in cytoplasm, happens because glucose is too big to go into the mitochondria membrane, so it splits in half, makes 2 ATP |
| investment phase | uses 2 ATP to split one glucose molecule (6) into 2 molecules of pyruvate (3 in each) |
| NADH | transports "crazy" electrons to mitochondria, hold 2 electrons, "uber driver" |
| reactants of glycolysis | glucose, 2 ATP, 2 NAD+ |
| products of glycolysis | 2 pyruvic acid, 4 ATP, 2 NADH |
| anaerobic | doesn't require/have enough oxygen |
| prokaryotes rely on glycolysis because | they don't have a mitochondria to perform the rest of cell respiration |
| eukaryotes need to use glycolysis | if oxygen levels are insufficient |
| fermentation | when ATP is generated mostly by glycolysis (when there isn't enough oxygen), converts pyruvate into lactic acid or alcohol + CO2 |
| coenzyme A | transports pyruvic acid into mitochondria |
| products of Acetyl-CoA | NADH, CO2 |
| matrix of the mitochondria | "cytoplasm" of the mitochondria |
| citric acid cycle | convert citric acid to original 4-carbon molecule, removes "crazy" electrons from glucose, makes citric acid, has 2 turns for each pyruvic acid that goes into it, makes 2 ATP, occurs in the matrix |
| FADH | also transports electrons, holds 4 electrons |
| products of both turns of the citric acid cycle | 2 ATP, 8 NADH, 2 FADH2, 6 CO2 |
| products of acetyl-CoA formation | 4 CO2, 2 NADH |
| FADH2 and NADH | take "crazy" electrons to ETC and drop them off with hydrogen ions, after they go back to citric acid cycle and transport more |
| electron transport chain | occurs in the inner membrane of the mitochondria, electrons are passed along a chain of proteins and become stable (lose energy) |
| energy from "crazy" electrons is used to | transport hydrogen ions into the inner membrane space |
| at the end of the ETC, electrons | become stable, join with oxygen and hydrogen, and become water |
| the reservoir at the end of the ETC has | a lot of positive charges/hydrogen ions |
| ATP synthase | enzyme/protein channel that makes ATP, "water mill" |
| chemiosmosis | the process of generating ATP, hydrogen ions go through ATP synthase, and a phosphate is added to ADP --> ATP, makes 32 ATP |
| molecules that enter cell respiration | protein --> amino acids, triglycerides --> glycerol |
| endosymbiosis theory | The mitochondria of eukaryotes at one point was an independent species of prokaryotic bacteria that was absorbed by a eukaryotic cell through endocytosis |
| unique characteristics of the mitochondria | only form from other mitochondria, come from the mother's egg cell, have their own DNA |
| when muscles switch to lactic acid fermentation when | oxygen levels are low, this causes muscle soreness or irritation |
| total amount of ATP produced through cell respiration | 36 ATP |
| potential energy in glucose is | lost as heat |
| oxygen is only used as | the final electron acceptor, and combines with hydrogen to form water |
| lost weight is | lost as breathed out CO2 and water in the form of sweat |
| cell respiration goal | to take the energy (electrons) from glucose and convert into usable form (ATP) |
| cell respiration equation | C6H12O6+6O2 --> 6H2O+6CO2+36 ATP (6 carbon atoms, 12 hydrogen atoms, 6 oxygen atoms + 6 oxygen molecules --> 6 water molecules + 6 carbon dioxide molecules) |
| payoff phase | gains 2 ATP (4 total) and 2 NADH, the two broken parts become pyruvate |
| pyruvate enters the mitochondria if | there is enough oxygen |
| fermentation regenerates | NAD+ in glycolysis |
Created by:
ts2819
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