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PHCC disease B&J
PHCC bones and joint
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What is osteomyelitis? | the inflammation of the bone and marrow |
| What commonly causes osteomyelitis? | staphylococcus aureus |
| Osteomyelitis is a common complication of what kind of bone fracture? | open fracture AKA compound fracture |
| What are the s/s of osteomyelitis? | 1)pain, 2)chills 3)pyrexia 4) leukocytosis ( elevated WBC count) |
| A complication of osteomyelitis is sequestrum. What is sequestrum? | an area of bone that dies ( necrosis) through lack of circulation |
| What is the treatment for osteomyelitis? | antibiotics |
| TB is primarily a lung disease but left untreated it can spread bones causing Pott's disease. What is Pott's disease? | TB that affects the vertebral column of children and can lead to vertebral deformities and paralysis. These deformities may require surgery to correct. |
| TB responds well to what antibiotic? | antibiotics (INH) |
| Rickets is a disease affecting infants and young children that causes rickets? | a deficiency of Ca and P or vitamin D |
| The bones of the child with rickets are soft and tend to bend causing deformities of the legs called what? | bow-legged or knock-knees |
| Why are a child's muscles flaccid when they are affected with Rickets? | because the muscles need Ca for proper muscle contraction |
| Teething is delayed and there is a characteristic of what look to the belly of the child affected with Rickets? | it becomes a "pot belly" |
| Rickets is associated with what type of syndrome? | malabsorption syndrome |
| What is the most common prophylaxis and treatment for rickets? | sunlight,and drinking vitamin D fortified milk |
| What is osteomalacia? | a softening and de-calcification of the bones in adults |
| The bones that are particularly affect by osteomalacia are what? | the vertebral column, pelvis and legs |
| Bones affected by osteomalacia tend to what? | bend, deform and fracture easily |
| Osteomalacia is associated with what syndrome? | malabsorption syndrome |
| What is the most common prophylaxis treatment for osteomalacia? | sunlight and drinking vitamin D fortified milk |
| Osteitis Fibrosa Cystica usually results from what disorder? | hyperparathyroidism causing bone decalcification |
| What are the s/s for Osteitis Fibrosa Cystica ? | nephrolithiasis , bone deformities and spontaneous fractures (Fxs) |
| What is the treatment for Osteitis Fibrosa Cystica? | removal of parathyroid tumor or parathyroidectomy |
| What is osteoporosis? | the loss or thinning of bone mineral density BMD AKA osteopenia |
| What are the risk factors for osteoporosis? | female gender,family history,<vitamin and/or Ca in diet,sedimentary lifestyle(disuse atrophy,smoking,thin or small frame,1-2 ETOH drinks/day doubles risk,>caffeine consumption,being Caucasian,estrogen level reduction after menopause,prolonged use of meds |
| What are the most common meds that after a prolonged uses can lead to osteoporosis? | SAIDS, Aluminium (AL), antacids, duratics, tetracycline and antiseizure meds. |
| During the ages of 25-35, something happens to the bones that affect the degree of risk one has for osteoporosis? | the bones acquire bone mass, this amount of mass, affects your risk for osteoporosis |
| What are the s/s for osteoporosis? | 1) a predisposition to fractures especially the wrists and pelvis and vertebral ( compression Fxs) 2) Kyphosis ( hunchback) 3) loss of height |
| The Dx for osteoporosis depends on what factors? | a patients history, bone densitometry and dual energy x-ray absorptiometry |
| What is the Tx for osteoporosis? | 1) recommended daily allowing ( RDA) of Ca, 1500 mg/day, equivalent to 4-8 oz. glasses of milk/day ( do not exceed 2500 mg/day 2)regular exercise 3)ERT (HRT) for post-menopausal women 4)the use of meds ( Miacalcin) in extreme cases |
| Bone density tests are recommended for whom? | People with the following 1)type 1 DM 2) liver or kidney disease 3) menopause 4) over age 50 |
| What is Paget's Disease ? | AKA osteitis deformans , this is an idiopathic (possibly genetic) over production of abnormal bone tissues |
| What are the s/s for Paget's Disease? | 1)bone softening (osteomalacia) 2) easy fractures 3) deformities of the legs 4) abnormal curvatures in the vertebral column ( scoliosis-lateral) |
| What are the complications of Paget's disease? | osteogenic sarcoma |
| Osteoma is the most common benign bone tumor and can be asymptomatic.If pain or decreased mobility or swelling occurs what is the performed treatment? | surgery to remove the tumor |
| Osteogenic sarcoma is a primary malignancy commonly occurring in what age group? | young adult 18-34 yrs of age |
| What are the s/s for osteogenic sarcoma? | easy fractures |
| What is the treatment for osteogenic sarcoma? | 1)chemotherapy 2) surgical removal of tumor ( possible amputation of affected limb) |
| The most commonly malignant bone tumors are secondary tumors, why? | they have metastasized from another sites, these tumors cause Fxs (knees) and extreme pain, the prognosis is poor |
| What is arthritis? | the inflammation of a joint(s) |
| What are warning signs of arthritis? | pain, swelling and stiffens of the joints especially in the morning |
| What joints are commonly affected by arthritis? | lumbar vertebrae, hips, knees and fingers |
| Rheumatoid Arthritis (RA) is considered autoimmune and genetic and is the most serious form of arthritis and can cause contractures. What are contractures? | flexion and fixation of joints |
| What are the s/s for RA? | 1)pain, swelling, erythema , warmth and stiffness f the joints especially upon waking 2) it is systemic (affects the whole body) 3) can cause scar tissues to fuse the ends of the bones ( ankylosis) cause immobility ( crippling) |
| What is Rheumatoid nodules ? | enlargement of the joints caused by |
| What is the Tx for Ra? | 1) ROM ( range of motion) exercise 2) rest 3) NSAIDs (Celebrex)4) Enbrel, Orencia, Humira, Simponi ( immunosuppressants) |
| Osteoarthritis (OA) is the most common form of arthritis and can accompany aging and commonly affects what joints? | fingers, neck, lower back, knees and hips |
| What are common causes for OA? | 1) chronic irritation or injury 2) heredity 3) obesity ( knee and hip) |
| What are the s/s for OA? | pain and stiffness of the joints and can cause degeneration of the bone ends ( DJD = degenerative joint disease) causing irregular bone deposits = spurs |
| There is no cure for OA , what is the Tx? | 1) ROM exercises, 2) rest, 3) heat therapy 4) vitamin D,C,E, and beta-carotene 5) green tea 6) SAIDs ( cortisone injections) , NSAIDs ( ASA, ibuprofen ) 7) surgery ( THR or TKR) |
| "Gout arthritis" usually affects the feet "great toe" and is caused by excessive uric acid in the blood causing deposits of uric acid crystal in the joints and kidneys. The onset is usually sudden and frequently affects who? | mens over the age of 40 |
| What are the complication of gout arthritis?? | joint deformities and kidney damage |
| What is the Tx for gout arthritis? | 1) refrain from red meat and red wine 2) anti-gout medication (Zyloprim)3)Consume 4oz of cherries /day |
| What causes CTS (carpal tunnel syndrome) | the compression of the median nerve in the wrists ( affects more women than men and strickes around middle age) |
| What are the s/s of CTS? | numbness and tingling in the hand progressing t pain that can radiate up the arm to the shoulder ( especially at night) |
| CTS is a repetitive strain injury ( RSI)usually develops when the wrists are kept in a flexed position for extended periods of time to perform repetitive tasks. What are the most common groups with high risks factors? | 1) computer users, 2) beauticians 3) dentists 40 piano players |
| What is the Dx for CTS? | 1) history of repetitive hand movements with a flexed wrists 2) electromyography (EMG) |
| What is the Tx for CTS? | 1) proper wrists alignment 2) avoidance of repetitive movements 3) braces and splints 4) anti-inflammatory drugs ( Indocin) 5) surgery |
| A herniation of intervertebral disks is what AKA? | slipped ,or ruptured , or bulging disk |
| Where does a slipped disk frequently occur and many times is caused by what? | occurrence = lower lumbar region of the back causes = poor body mechanics |
| What are complications of a ruptured disk? | the pressure exerted on the spinal cord and / or spinal nerves ( sciatica) causing extreme pain |
| What is the Tx for a bulging disk? | 1) bed rest on a firm mattress 2) muscle relaxants ( Skelaxin) 3) analgesics ( Percodan) 4) heat application 5) traction ( Trx) 6) TENS (transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation) 7) surgery ( diskectomy and vertebral fusion) |
| What is a hereditary disease of which there are several forms that causes muscle degeneration which totally disables the individual ? | MD ( Muscular Dystrophy) |
| The most common and serious form of MD is Duchenne and appears in what age group of people ? | ages 3-5 |
| Most individuals with MD do not live until adulthood and death is caused by the effect of MD of what muscles of the effected person? | the heart and respiratory muscle |
| Dx for MD is confirmed by what 2 methods? | electromyography ( EMG ) and a muscle Bx (biopsy) |
| What is the Tx for MD? | PT = physical therapy, OT = occupational therapy and orthopedic assistance devices |
| Myasthenia Gravis ( MG)is an idiopathic autoimmune neuromuscular disorder that occurs more often in who? | women |
| MG is caused by a defect in the transmission of never signals to what? | the muscles |
| MG has been linked t abnormal antibodies produce by what? | the thymus |
| What are the muscles that are commonly involved (or effected by) MG? | 1)eye movement 2) eyelid movement 3)facial expressions 4) chewing 5)talking 6) swallowing |
| What is the Tx for MG? | 1) thymectomy 2) Neostigmine 3) Prednisone (immunosuppressants) |
| A protrusion of an organ through the muscular wall that contains it is called what? | Hernia |
| A Hiatal Hernia is a protrusion of the stomach through the diaphragm , this is called what? | a diaphragmatic hernia |
| A umbilical hernia is a protrusion of the muscle through the what? | umbilicus |
| An inguinal hernia usually refers to a protrusion of the small intestine into what ? | the scrotum |
| A strangulated or incarcerated (trapped)hernia results when? | when the muscular wall causes ishemia and/or necrosis to the tissue it surrounds |
| What is the Tx for Hiatal Hernias? | 1) abdominal support (truss) 2) hernioplasty ( herniorrhaphy) |
| An acute ,contagious skin disease caused by staph and strep especially in children is what? | impetigo |
| Impetigo is characterized by what s/s? | 1) erythremia 2) oozing vesicles ( blisters) 3) pustules with a honey colored crust |
| What is the Tx for impetigo? | 1)wash with soap and water 2) keep lesions dry ( astringent = Caladryl) 3) topical antibiotics ( Neosporin) |
| A bacterial disease transmitted by a bite of a deer tick is what? | Lyme disease |
| What are the s/s for Lyme disease | Usually occurs 3-30 days after exposure and include: 1) "bulls eye rash" (Target)2)flu like s/s including A) malaise (loss of energy) B) cephalalgia C)chills D)pyrexia E) arthralgias F) myalgias G) lymphadenopathy |
| What is the Tx for Lyme disease? | antibiotics (Vibramycin, Amoxil) |
| If Lyme disease is left untreated it can cause permanent damages to what ? | the heart, joints, and nervous system |
| HSV I causes herpetic stomatitis AKA? | cold sores or fever blisters |
| Herpetic stomatitis is usually found near the what? | oral cavity (labiae) |
| the herpetic stomatitis virus can be dormant in the body for months but frequently becomes active when the person is under stress or when their immune system is what? | weakened |
| What is the Tx for herpetic stomatitis? | antivirals drugs (Abreva) |
| Tinea refers to what? | fungal infection |
| What is tinea corporis AKA? | ringworm and causes red ringed shaped, pruritic lesions |
| What is tinea pedis AKA? | athletes foot and attacks the skin between the toes causing fissures, pruritus and pain |
| What is tines cruris AKA? | jock itch causing red-ring-like areas with vesicles |
| Areas of the body susceptible to tinea are usually warm, dark and most environments. What is the Tx for tinea? | 1) keeping susceptible areas dry 2) topical anti-fungal medications ( Tinactin, Desenex) |
| What is pediculosis? | lice, and can infest the head, pubic area and the body |
| Head lice are common in children and are transmitted by direct contact of fomites such as: | combs,scarves,hats and bed linen |
| What are the primary symptoms of lice? | pruritus ( lice is difficult to see but their white eggs( nits) can be located at the hair shaft |
| What is the Tx for lice? | 1) medicated shampoos ( RID) 2) use of a fine tooth comb 3) washing clothes in hot water >131 degrees and machine dry |
| Some studies show that lice are becoming resistant to what? | medicated shampoos |
| Contagious skin infestation by the "itch mite" is called what? | scabies |
| What are the s/s for scabies? | vesicles(blisters),pustules ,intense pruritus and usually transmitted by skin to skin contact |
| What is the Tx for scabies? | 1) scrubbing with medicated soaps and shampoos (Nix) in hot bath 2) washing clothes in hot water >130 degrees and machine dry |
| A non-contagious inflammation of the skin caused by an allergic response is called what? | allergic contact dermatitis |
| what are common allergies that cause allergic contact dermatitis? | 1) plants such as poison ivy and oak (leaves of three ,beware of me) 2)chemicals found in clothing dyes,soaps and perfumes 3) metal such as nickel found in costume jewelry , etc. |
| What are the s/s for allergic contact dermatitis? | 1) erythema, 2) vesicles 3) pruritus |
| What is the Tx for allergic contact dermatitis? | 1) removal of the allergen 2) topical anti-inflammatories 3) antihistamine ( Benadryl) 4) antipruritic medication ( Caladryl) |
| What is the AKA for atopic dermatitis? | eczema |
| Eczema,an idiopathic skin disorder causing erythematous,dry crusted patches of skin, usually effects those with what? | allergies and asthma |
| Outbreaks breaks (of Eczema) will disappear in half of all children affected by adolescence. What is the Tx for Eczema? | Corticosteroids ( SAIDs) |
| Nevus are what? | moles |
| A benign skin lesion that can become malignant is what? | a mole |
| What are the s/s the indicate possible changes to a malignant lesion? | 1)changes 2)Pruritus 3) soreness 4) discharge 5) darkening of the nevus |
| What are the ABCDEs of moles? | Asymmetry or on hale does not match the others, Borders or edges are ragged ,blurred or irregular Colo is not the same throughout, Diameter is lager than the eraser of a pencil, Elevated or raised form the skin |
| What is the treatment for a malignant nevus? | surgical removal or cryosurgery |
| The most common skin cancer that is slow growing and usually non-metastasizing is? | basal cell carcinoma |
| Basal cell carcinoma usually develops on the face or neck of light skinned men (2 to 1) who are overexposed to what? | ultraviolet light ( sun and /or tanning beds) |
| What is the Tx for Basal cell carcinoma? | 1) surgical removal of the tumor 2) radiation therapy 3) chemotherapy |
| A more serious skin lesion because it metastasizes through the lymph vessels is what? | Squamous cell carcinoma |
| Squamous cell carcinoma usually develops on the face or neck of light skinned men (3 to 1) who are overexposed to what? | ultraviolet light ( sun and /or tanning beds) |
| What is the Tx for Squamous cell carcinoma? | 1) surgical removal of the tumor 2) radiation therapy 3) chemotherapy |
| The most serious form of cancer because it metastasized early is what? | Malignant Melanoma |
| Malignant Melanoma usually develops from a nevus and is associated with an overexposure to what? | ultraviolet light ( sun and /or tanning beds)and in Caucasians 10 to 1 |
| What is the Tx for Malignant Melanoma? | surgical removal of the tumors and surrounds lymph nodes and the prognosis depends on the degree of metastases |
| Tanning beds emit 50-75 % more UVA than what? | the sun |
| To protect your skin from UVA and UVB rays, sunscreen should contain what ? | mexoryl and avobenzone |
| Vulgaris is what? | Acne |
| What causes Acne? | the clogging of the sebaceous gland |
| Comedones (whiteheads and black heads ) indicate what? and what do pustules indicate | comedones indicate non-inflammatory acne , pustules indicate inflammatory acne |
| What is The Tx for acne? | 1) Benzoyl peroxide 2) Stridex 3) keeping the hands away form the face 4) gentle cleaning of the skin twice a day |
| An idiopathic cyclic progressive inflammatory skin disease that causes facial erythema ,papules and pustules is what? | Rosacea |
| What is the Tx for Rosacea? | 1) avoidance of triggers ( sunlight,stress,wind, temperature extremes and skin care products 2) topical vitamin A (Retinal) |
| An idiopathic autoimmune, chronic skin disease with a hereditary bases of which there is no cure and has lesion that are erythematous patches with white or silvery scales is called what? | Psoriasis |
| The lesions of Psoriasis primarily form on the elbows and knees, but the trunk, arms, legs and scalp can be affected and can be exacerbated by what? | 1)stress, 2) changes in climate 3) NSAIDs, Injuries to the skin 5) Infections |
| What is the Tx for Psoriasis ? | controlling lesion with: 1) coal-tar medications ( Tegarin , Denorex) 2) steroids 3) ultra-violet light therapy |
Created by:
wgolon
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