Question 1

Passive Transport

Accepted Answer

-Passive transport involves the movement of material along a concentration gradient (high concentration ⇒ low concentration)
-does not require the expenditure of energy (ATP hydrolysis)

Question 2

Active Transport

Accepted Answer

-Active transport involves the movement of materials against a concentration gradient (low concentration ⇒ high concentration)
-Because materials are moving against the gradient, it requires the expenditure of energy in the form of ATP.

Question 3

Cholesterol

Accepted Answer

Cholesterol is a component of animal cell membranes, where it functions to maintain integrity and structural stability

Question 4

Glycoprotein

Accepted Answer

-is a carbohydrate coming off a proteins

Question 5

Glycolipid

Accepted Answer

- is a carbohydrate coming off a lipid

Question 6

Phospholipid

Accepted Answer

Has a phosphate head and fatty acid tail

Question 7

Hydrophilic

Accepted Answer

means water loving
-phosphate head are hydrophilic- polar

Question 8

Hydrophobic

Accepted Answer

means water fearing 
-Fatty acid tail are hydrophobic- non polar

Question 9

Hypertonic

Accepted Answer

Solutions with a relatively higher osmolarity are categorised as hypertonic (high solute concentration)

Question 10

Isotonic

Accepted Answer

Solutions that have the same osmolarity are categorised as isotonic (same solute concentration ⇒ no net water flow)

Question 11

Hypotonic

Accepted Answer

Solutions with a relatively lower osmolarity are categorised as hypotonic (low solute concentration)

Question 12

Osmosis

Accepted Answer

Osmosis is the net movement of water molecules across a semi-permeable membrane from a region of low solute concentration to a region of high solute concentration (until equilibrium is reached)

Question 13

Simple diffusion

Accepted Answer

Simple diffusion is the movement of particles from an area of high concentration to an area of lower concentration without the use of transmembrane proteins. Small, non-polar molecules are transported through the plasma membrane by simple diusion.

Question 14

Facilitated diffusion

Accepted Answer

Simple diffusion is the movement of particles from an area of high concentration to an area of lower concentration without the use of transmembrane proteins. Small, non-polar molecules are transported through the plasma membrane by simple diusion.

Question 15

Integral proteins

Accepted Answer

are permanently attached to the membrane and are typically transmembrane (they span across the bilayer)

Question 16

Peripheral proteins

Accepted Answer

are temporarily attached and associate with one surface of the membrane

Question 17

transmembrane

Accepted Answer

they span across the bilayer, from the extracellular environment to the extracellular environment

Question 18

Functions of Membrane Proteins

Accepted Answer

Junctions
Enzymes 
Transport
Recognition 
Anchorage 
Transduction

Question 19

Diffusion

Accepted Answer

The net movement of molecules from a region of high concentration to a region of low concentration (until equilibrium is reached) with the concentration gradient

Question 20

Channel proteins

Accepted Answer

are speciﬁc for a substance. They do not usually bind with the molecules being transported. They function like pores that open and close to allow the passage of speciﬁc molecules.

Question 21

Carrier proteins

Accepted Answer

Carrier proteins bind the molecules being transported, causing the protein to undergo changes in shape that allow speciﬁc molecules to be transported across the plasma membrane. After the molecule has crossed, the original shape of the protein is restored

Question 22

Exocytosis

Accepted Answer

is the movement of substances out of the cell, from the cytoplasm to the extracellular ﬂuid

Question 23

Endocytosis

Accepted Answer

s the movement of substances into the cell, from the extracellular ﬂuid into the cytoplasm.

Question 24

Pinocytosis

Accepted Answer

is the entry of extracellular ﬂuid and substances such as proteins and sugars that are carried in it

Question 25

Phagocytosis

Accepted Answer

is the entry of large particles such as bacteria and cell debris, and is carried out by some white blood cells

Bio- chapter 2

Plasma Membrane

Question	Answer
The functions of the Plasma membrane
Passive Transport	-Passive transport involves the movement of material along a concentration gradient (high concentration ⇒ low concentration) -does not require the expenditure of energy (ATP hydrolysis)
Active Transport	-Active transport involves the movement of materials against a concentration gradient (low concentration ⇒ high concentration) -Because materials are moving against the gradient, it requires the expenditure of energy in the form of ATP.
Cholesterol	Cholesterol is a component of animal cell membranes, where it functions to maintain integrity and structural stability
Glycoprotein	-is a carbohydrate coming off a proteins
Glycolipid	- is a carbohydrate coming off a lipid
Phospholipid	Has a phosphate head and fatty acid tail
Hydrophilic	means water loving -phosphate head are hydrophilic- polar
Hydrophobic	means water fearing -Fatty acid tail are hydrophobic- non polar
Hypertonic	Solutions with a relatively higher osmolarity are categorised as hypertonic (high solute concentration)
Isotonic	Solutions that have the same osmolarity are categorised as isotonic (same solute concentration ⇒ no net water flow)
Hypotonic	Solutions with a relatively lower osmolarity are categorised as hypotonic (low solute concentration)
Osmosis	Osmosis is the net movement of water molecules across a semi-permeable membrane from a region of low solute concentration to a region of high solute concentration (until equilibrium is reached)
Simple diffusion	Simple diffusion is the movement of particles from an area of high concentration to an area of lower concentration without the use of transmembrane proteins. Small, non-polar molecules are transported through the plasma membrane by simple diusion.
Facilitated diffusion	Simple diffusion is the movement of particles from an area of high concentration to an area of lower concentration without the use of transmembrane proteins. Small, non-polar molecules are transported through the plasma membrane by simple diusion.
Proteins
Integral proteins	are permanently attached to the membrane and are typically transmembrane (they span across the bilayer)
Peripheral proteins	are temporarily attached and associate with one surface of the membrane
transmembrane	they span across the bilayer, from the extracellular environment to the extracellular environment
Functions of Membrane Proteins	Junctions Enzymes Transport Recognition Anchorage Transduction
Diffusion	The net movement of molecules from a region of high concentration to a region of low concentration (until equilibrium is reached) with the concentration gradient
Channel proteins	are speciﬁc for a substance. They do not usually bind with the molecules being transported. They function like pores that open and close to allow the passage of speciﬁc molecules.
Carrier proteins	Carrier proteins bind the molecules being transported, causing the protein to undergo changes in shape that allow speciﬁc molecules to be transported across the plasma membrane. After the molecule has crossed, the original shape of the protein is restored
Exocytosis	is the movement of substances out of the cell, from the cytoplasm to the extracellular ﬂuid
Endocytosis	s the movement of substances into the cell, from the extracellular ﬂuid into the cytoplasm.
Pinocytosis	is the entry of extracellular ﬂuid and substances such as proteins and sugars that are carried in it
Phagocytosis	is the entry of large particles such as bacteria and cell debris, and is carried out by some white blood cells

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