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human genetics
test
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| What is the Human Genome Project? | mapping every gene on every chromosome in the human gene pool |
| What is a karyotype? | profile of the chromosomes in a cell |
| How many chromosomes are in a normal human karyotype? | 23 chromosomes |
| What can be detected by using a karyotype? | chromosomal disorders (like down syndrome) |
| What is a pedigree? | map of the family traits |
| Know the symbols used and be able to follow a trait from one generation to the next. | a. male = square b. female = circle c. shaded = shows/expresses trait d. clear = does not express trait. e. carrier = half shaded half not |
| What is genetic testing? | determining family links and the potential of an individual to develop a disease |
| Define genetic engineering. | intentionally changing an organism’s gene code |
| What does “GMO” stand for? | genetically modified organisms |
| Identify some “GMO’s” that have been beneficial. | flavor savor tomato, bt corn, golden rice |
| Explain polyploidy | condition where an organism’s cells have more than the diploid number of chromosomes (triploid or tetraploid) |
| how polyploidy affects plants and animals differently. | -animals - lethal (cant survive) -plants - makes them hardy |
| What limits our use of genetic engineering practices? | Human imagination, ethics |
| What is gene therapy? | replacing faulty genes with normal ones |
| How are scientists getting the desired genes to the right cells? | stem cells, viruses, and biodelivery |
| What is DNA fingerprinting? | analyzing sections of DNA that vary among individuals |
| What are the two most common kinds of DNA fingerprinting? | RFLP ( restriction fragment length polymorphism) PCR (polymerase chain reaction) |
| What are their benefits | PCR - only need a little bit of DNA RFLP - you have the full gene |
| What are their drawbacks | PCR - takes time separating and there is only a little bit of it RFLP - takes time and destroys the DNA |
| What is the difference between an autosome and a sex chromosome? | autosomes - chromosomes that contain traits of the body cells sex chromosomes - chromosomes that determine gender |
| How many pairs of autosomes does a human have? | 22 autosomes |
| How many pairs of sex chromosomes? | 1 pair |
| How is the sex of offspring determined? | the male |
| What is a sex-linked trait? | traits that appear only on sex chromosomes |
| Why are sex linked traits more common in males? | it is a recessive trait so males are more likely to get it than females due to females having a dominant trait |
| How is a sex-influenced trait different from a sex-linked trait? | Sex- influenced - traits that result from chemicals produced by the autosomes Sex- linked - traits that appear only on sex chromosomes |
| Define the difference between a promoter (or inducer) and a repressor. | Promoters - gene sequence that starts making a protein Repressors - gene sequence that stops the making of a protein |
| What is the difference between a single gene trait and a polygenic trait? | Single gene- traits caused by a single dominant or recessive gene like Tongue rolling Polygenic traits- traits caused by multiple genes like eye color, skin color, height - results in many variations |
| Define cancer | cells do not respond to cyclins: enzymes that control the cell cycle, uncontrolled division of body cells ( mitosis goes crazy) |
| Distinguish between the different types of tumors. | Benign tumors - mass of abnormal cells that has not spread Malignant tumors - mass of abnormal cells that has spread |
| What are the two main causes of these cancers? Define the 2 main causes of the cancers. | (carcinogens) environmental (Oncogene) hereditary |
| In terms of genetics, why do humans have so many blood types? | Multiple alleles, codominance, RH factors, dominate and recessive |
| What role do antigens and the Rh factor play? | Rh factor: another protein found in the blood blood antigens - protein markers on the RBC’s |
| What makes type O the universal donor? | no antigens |
| What makes type AB the universal recipient? | no antibodies |
| Why is mixing blood types bad? | It can cause agglutination (clumping) of the blood cells. |
| What causes agglutination? | the reaction of the antibodies and the antigens |
| What are the differences between hemophilia and sickle cell anemia? | Hemophilia- reduced ability to form a clot Sickle cell anemia - some RBC’s are normal, some are crescent shaped |
| List the steps involved in cloning an organism. | Isolate donor nucleus isolate/retrieve surrogate egg Remove egg nucleus Insert donor nucleus Implant egg back into surrogate |
Created by:
KiahnaL
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