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Chapter 8 Vocab

Chapter 8: From DNA to Protein

TermDefinition
Bacteriophage takes over a bacterium’s genetic machinery and directs it to make more viruses.
Nucleotide the small unites, or monomer, that make up DNA.
Double Helix two strands of SNA wing around each other like a twisted ladder.
Base Pairing Rules T-A C-G, Guanine and Adenine are purines and Cytosine and Thymine are pyrimidines
Replication the process by which DNA is copied during the cell cycle.
DNA Polymerase bond the new nucleotides together.
Messenger RNA (mRNA) an intermediate message that is translated to form a protein.
Ribosomal RNA (rRNA) forms part of ribosomes, a cell’s protein factories.
Transfer RNA (tRNA) brings amino acids from the cytoplasm to a ribosome to help make the growing protein.
Translation the process that converts, or translates, an mRNA message into a polypeptide
Codon a three-nucleotide sequence that codes for an amino acid.
Stop Codon signal at the end of the amino acid chain.
Start Codon signals the start of translation and the amino acid methionine.
Anticodon a set of three nucleotides that is complementary to an mRNA codon.
Promoter a DNA segment that allows a gene to be transcribed.
Operon a region of DNA that includes a promoter, an operator, and one or more structural genes that code for all the proteins needed to do a specific task.
Exon nucleotide segments that code for parts of the protein.
Intron nucleotide segments that intervene, or occur, between exons
Mutation a change in an organism’s DNA.
Point Mutation a mutation in which one nucleotide is substituted for another.
Frameshift Mutation involves the insertion or deletion of a nucleotide in the DNA sequence.
Mutagen agents in the environment that can change DNA.
Central Dogma the information that flows in one direction
RNA is a chain of nucleotides, each made of a sugar, a phosphate group, and a nitrogen-containing base
Created by: SavanahT
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