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BIO 2274 Pratical 2
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What is the inferior end of the heart that is bluntly pointed? | Apex |
| Oxygen rich blood is located in the? | left side chambers |
| The 2 superior heart chambers are the? | atria |
| Name an atrioventricular (AV) valve | Mitral |
| What lines the heart chamber? | endocardium |
| Which heart valve has 2 cusps instead of 3 cusps? | Mitral |
| True or False: Chordae tendineae connect the cusps of the AV valves to papillary muscles of the ventricles | True |
| True or False: the systemic circuit delivers blood to the lungs and back to the heart | False |
| True or False: the right and left coronary arteries containing oxygen rich blood originate from the base of the aorta | True |
| What part of the conduction system is known as the pacemaker? | SA node |
| What part of the conduction system is/are located throughout the ventricular walls | Purkinje fibers |
| The first of 2 heart sounds (lubb) occurs when? | The AV valves close |
| What does one cardiac cycle consist of? | Atrial chamber contractions followed by ventricular chamber contractions |
| The SA node of the heart is located where? | right atrium |
| What kind of ECG wave indicates the depolarization of ventricular fibers? | QRS complex |
| True or False: the dupp sound occurs when the semilunar valves are closing during ventricular diastole | True |
| True or False: the P waves of the ECG occurs during the repolarization of the atria | False |
| What is the duration of a P wave? | 0.06s - 0.11s |
| What is the significance of a P wave? | Depolarization of atrial fibers |
| What is the duration of a P-Q segment? | 0.06s |
| What is the significance of a P-Q segment? | Time for atria to contract |
| What is the duration of a P-R interval? | 0.12s - 0.20s |
| What is the significance of a P-R interval? | Time for cardiac impulse from SA node through AV node |
| What is the duration of a QRS complex? | less than 0.12s |
| What is the significance of a QRS complex? | Depolarization of ventricular fibers |
| What is the duration of a S-T segment? | 0.12s |
| What is the significance of a S-T segment? | Time for ventricles to contract |
| What is the duration of a Q-T interval? | 0.32s - 0.42s |
| What is the significance of a Q-T interval? | Time from ventricular depolarization to end of ventricular repolarization |
| What is the duration of a T wave? | 0.16s |
| What is the significance of a T wave? | Repolarization of ventricular fibers (ends patterns) |
| Define bradycardia | Heart rate less than 60 bpm |
| Define Athlete's bradycardia | Slower heart rate in endurance trained athletes. Results of higher levels of parasympathetic inhibition of the SA node |
| Define tachycardia | Heart rate faster than 100 bpm when a person is at rest |
| Define Ventricular tachycardia | Abnormally fast ectopic pacemakers in ventricles cause them to beat rapidly and independent of atria |
| Define flutter | Contraction rapid 200-300 bpm but coordinated |
| Define fibrillation | Contractions rapid and at different times |
| Define AV block (first degree) | P-R interval is greater than 0.2 seconds |
| Define AV block (second degree) | AV nodes are damaged so only 2, 3, or 4 waves can pass. P waves without QRS |
| Define AV block (third degree) | Complete heart block. No waves can pass. P waves dissociated from QRS |
| Define Electrical defibrillation | To stop fibrillation, electric shocks are given to the chest. Depolarizes all myocardial cells at the same time |
| Define sinus rhythm | Pace or rhythm set by the SA node |
| Define Ectopic Foci | Cells are located outside of the SA node that assume pacemaker function when the SA node is not functioning. |
| Define cardiac cycle | A set of atrial contractions while the ventricular walls relax, followed by ventricular contractions while the atria relax |
| Define ECG | also known as EKG, is a graphical record of the electrical activity of the heart, that is, depolarization and repolarization of the atria and ventricles. |
| Does the ECG record contractile events? | No |
| What does a contractile event follow? | depolarization of the myocardium |
| What does the ECG report a potential difference between? | large masses of cells in one region relative to another in the heart |
| What value (number) does the ECG start with? | zero |
| What is the term for the ECG beginning at 0? | isoelectric point |
| What does the ECG begin at 0? | because ALL myocardial cells have the same potential at rest |
| What makes the right and left atrial cells different from the lower atrial and ventricular cells when the SA node begins spontaneous depolarization? | the surrounding myocardial cells in the upper part of both atria receive the impulses and depolarize |
| when is the P wave at its greatest height? | when the potential difference is at its greatest magnitude |
| When is there no difference between the upper and lower atrial cells? | Once all upper and lower atrial cells attain the depolarized state simultaneously |
| Once all upper and lower atrial cells attain the depolarized state simultaneously, what happens to the P wave? | it returns to 0 |
| What masks a second, separate peak of the repolarization of atrial masses? | ventricular depolarization |
| What would repolarization of atrial masses produce? | a second, separate peak |
| When the ECG is at 0, what does that mean for ventricle cells? | all ventricles cells are the same aka polarized |
| When is the peak of a R wave reached? | As SOME ventricular cells (nearest endocardium) receive the AP first and become depolarized, the difference between these ventricular cells and other ventricular cells (still polarized) is detected by our surface electrodes |
| what is regained (hint: a number) once all the ventricular cells depolarize? | zero |
| When is a T wave produced? | as the potential difference is detected when SOME ventricular cells have REPOLARIZED and the rest are momentarily still in the DEPOLARIZED state |
| What are the standard positions for electrodes? | right arm, left arm, left leg |
| What is the name for the triangle formed by the 3 trunk positions of the electrodes? | Einthoven's Triangle |
| The potential difference between the electrodes on the arms is called? | LEAD I |
| The potential difference between the electrodes between the right arm and left leg is called? | LEAD II |
| The potential difference between the electrodes between left arm and left leg is called? | LEAD III |
| Which body part serves as the reference point for ECG recording? | the right leg |
| Which waveform corresponds with atrial depolarization? | P wave |
| Which waveform corresponds with atrial repolarization? | QRS complex |
| Which waveform corresponds with ventricular depolarization? | QRS complex |
| Which waveform corresponds with ventricular repolarization? | T wave |
| Relate the myocardial depolarization and repolarization events to the myocardial contractile events | When the electrical signal of a depolarization reaches the contractile cells, they contract. When the repolarization signal reaches the myocardial cells, they relax |
| The heart sound of SI represents? | the closure of the atrioventricular (mitral and tricuspid) valves in systole |
| The heart sound of S2 represent? | the closure of the semilunar (aortic and pulmonary) valves in diastole |
| What does the heart sound of S3 represent? | filling of ventricles |
| What does the heart sound murmur represent? | abnormal sounds that signify improper closing of valves |
| Why is the delay important at the AV node? | So the atria have a chance to relax before the ventricles begin their contraction. |
| Why is the SA node called the pacemaker of the heart? | It depolarizes at a faster rate than other areas of the conduction system., and stimulates heartbeat and originates heart rate. |
| What are 3 things tat occur during the cardiac cycle? | blood pressure changes, blood moves in and out of the heart chambers, and valves open and close to allow blood to move |
| Define cardiac diastole | all chambers are relaxed, and blood flows into the heart |
| Define atrial systole, ventricular diastole | atria contract, pushing blood into the ventricles |
| Define atrial diastole, ventricular systole | after the atria relax, the ventricles contract, pushing blood out of the heart |
| Which heart sound is louder and longer compared to S2? | S1 |
| Which heart sound is shorter than S1? | S2 |
| Define systolic pressure | when force exerted by the blood pressing against the inner walls of arteries reaches its maximum. |
| Define diastolic pressure | when force exerted by the blood pressing against the inner walls of arteries reaches its lowest level |
| Define Korotkoff sounds | When the systolic pressure becomes greater than the cuff’s pressure, the brachial artery is forced open, which indicates the pressure exerted against the arterial wall during systole that results in a loud tapping sound |
| What structural and functional factors can affect blood pressure? | Cardiac output, blood volume, and peripheral resistance |
| What conditions can aggravate blood pressure? | Obesity, excess salt intake, inactive lifestyle, stress, smoking, and/or medications |
| What organ/area is supplied by the common carotid artery (right and left)? | neck, head, and brain |
| What organ/area is supplied by the hepatic artery? | liver |
| What organ/area is supplied by the left gastric artery? | stomach |
| What organ/area is supplied by the splenic artery? | spleen |
| What organ/area is supplied by the renal artery (right and left)? | kidneys and adrenal glands |
| What organ/area is supplied by the superior mesenteric artery? | small intestine and ascending colon |
| What organ/area is supplied by by the inferior mesenteric artery? | descending colon, sigmoid colon, and rectum |
| What organ/area is drained by the jugular vein (right and left)? | head and neck |
| What organ/area is drain by the hepatic portal vein? | liver, spleen, and stomach |
| What organ/area is drain by the left gastric vein? | stomach |
| What organ/area is drain by the splenic vein? | spleen |
| What organ/area is drain by the renal vein (right and left)? | kidneys and adrenal glands |
| What organ/area is drain by the superior mesenteric vein? | small intestine and ascending colon |
| What organ/area is drain by the inferior mesenteric vein? | descending colon, sigmoid colon, and rectum |
| Why are the specialized systems important? | The specialized systems are important in nutrient processing to remove harmful substances, waste would be left in the blood which would make its way back to the heart. |
| When is systolic pressure recorded when using the sphygmomanometer? | when Korotkoff sounds are first head |
| When is diastolic pressure recorded when using the sphygmomanometer? | when Korotkoff sounds are no longer heard |
| Why should the cuff not be inflated beyond 20-30 mmHg above expected value? | Overinflation of the cuff may result in injury to the patient. |
| What happens to the location of blood when you stand up compared to lying down? | Blood will pool in the lower limbs due to gravity |
| Why does blood pressure increase with exercise and then lower after 5 minutes? | Increased blood pressure helps to ensure muscle tissue has adequate blood supply during exercise. When exercise is over, the oxygen demand decreases |
| What do you predict would happen to a person’s blood pressure when they go from standing to lying down? | Blood pressure would decrease in the lying down position |
| What is the range for normal blood pressure? | 90-120 over 60-80 |
| what is the range for low blood pressure? | <90 over <60 |
| What is the range for high blood pressure? | >120 over >80 |
Created by:
jannawhite2998
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