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Chapter 26
Biol
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| classify | organize objects and ideas based on their similarities/characteristics |
| morphology | study of form and structures of an organism |
| physiology | function of an organism and how its structures work |
| taxonomy | how biologists classify and name organisms |
| taxa | level of named biological classifications |
| Carolus linnaeus | was the biologist who came up with the classification system |
| Binomial | takes a broad category and breaks the species down even lower -2 part naming with the genus and the specific epithet |
| Genus | 1st part of species name- is a taxon- always capitalized and italicized |
| specific epithet | 2nd part of species name that is unique to each species within the genus- must be italicized or underlined |
| phylogeny | evolutionary history of a species or group of related species |
| systematics | discipline the focuses on classifying organisms and determine their evolutionary relationship |
| phylogenetic tree | family or evolutionary trees- show organisms and their evolutionary history- tip of tree is extant while previous organisms are extinct -current hypothesis about evolutionary relationships |
| branch point | represents the divergence of 2 species from MRCA |
| dichotomy | 2 way branch point due to divergence |
| MRCA | most recent common ancestor |
| horizontal gene transfer | movement of genes from one genome to another- movement of DNA from organism to organism without reproduction ex) virus bringing DNA from one organism to the next |
| Gene | DNA that codes for a protein or a trait |
| sister taxa | groups that share an immediate common ancestor |
| rooted tree | includes a branch to represent the last common ancestor of all taxa in the tree |
| basal taxon | diverges early in the history of a group and originates near the common ancestor of the group |
| polytomy | branch with more than 2 groups have unresolved we don't know which 2 species split first and then the other species split from them |
| homologous features | Similarities due to shared desecration- phenotypic, genetics, etc |
| analogous features | similarities due to convergent evolution -when things look alike because of similar environments not genetics |
| homologies | grouping of multiple homologies- phenotypic and genetic similarities due to shared ancestry |
| homoplasies | traits that evolved independently due to convergence |
| molecular systematics | used DNA and other molecular data to determine evolutionary relationships -mathematical tools help to define molecular homoplasies or coincidences |
| Cladistics | an approach to systematics that places organisms into groups based on common descent |
| clade | is a group of species that includes an ancestral species and all its descendants -clades can be nested in larger clades |
| shared ancestral trait | the character that originated in an ancestor of the taxon -shared derived trait a trait that only the branch has- evolutionary novelty unique to a particular clade |
| out group | closely related but no tone of them |
| in group | group of organisms that you are looking at to try to place on the group |
| maximum parsimony | assumes the tree that requires the fewer evolutionary events (appearance of shared derived characters) is the most likely |
| Maximum likelihood | chose the one that's most likely given the evidence you have- when trying to determine based on rules about DNA and how it changes overtime picking the options that most likely to occur |
| molecular clock | uses constant rate of evolution in some genes to estimate the absolute time of evolution change -based on evolution rate of a known gene to determine time |
| problems with molecular clock | -they don't run as well because nature is not always constant -things can change the constant rate -if changes that occur make the species better adapted then things change |
| convergent evolution | when species adapt similarly because of occupying the same niche and having similar environmental pressures |
| list in order the biological taxa | domain, kingdom, phylum, class, order, family, genes, and species |
| Define monophyletic | one grouping means consists of the ancestor species and all its descendants =valid clade |
| paraphyletic | consists of an ancestral species and some but not all of the descendants |
| polyphyletic | consists of various species with different ancestors- they have more than one common ancestor and we are talking about them as one group |
| what creates homoplasies | when none genetically related species have the same adaptations because it is an adaptation that is favorable to the environment type that these species share |
| what are the 3 limits to phylogenies | -trees show patterns of descent not phenotypic similarities -typically phylogenetic trees don't indicate when species evolved or how much change occurred in the lineage-no time indication -shouldn't be assumed that a taxon evolved from other near by |
| how can we determine if a trait is homologous or analogous | -homologous traits are passed along genetically -analogous trait is favorable trait shared between species because of environment and not passed down from common ancestor |
| Explain how an ingroup and outgroup can help you determine ancestral vs derived traits | the outgroup is used as a point of comparison for the ingroup and specifically allows for the phylogeny to be rooted |
| What is the threshold for evaluating molecular homologies | 25% |
| Explain how gene duplication can be adaptive | when genes are duplicated if there is a change in the DNA then it causes an overall change in the organism, if the changes are favorable to the environment then it will be passed |
| what 4 things may cause horizontal gene transfer | -plasmids -viral infection -fusion -transposable elements |
| why is horizontal gene transfer so important | horizontal gene transfer is the movement of genetic info from one organism to another which leads to spread of beneficial genes between organisms |
Created by:
gracelew
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