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bio test 4

QuestionAnswer
why do cells divide to replace dead cells, repair worn cells, grow
what needs to happen in between cell division copying dna, growth, more organelles are made
where do i find dna chromosomes are in the nucleus of every cell, genes are pieces of dna that contain the instructions for building a proton
what is a karyotype a picture of someones chromosomes
what happens during the cell cycle the cell grows, duplicates its dna, prepares for division, divides to form two cells
the cell cycle consists of five phases g1, s, g2, m, cytokinesis
interphase includes g1, s, g2. period of growth and preparation that occurs between cell divisions
g1 cell doubles in size, makes new proteins and organelles
s phase synthesis takes place, chromosomes are replicated, cell needs all of the directions for its function and survival, two chromatids, attached with centromere
g2 organelles and molecules required for cell division are produced, preparation for mitosis, checks for mistakes
g0 if a cell decides not to divide again it will enter g0, resting phase, cell is still alive and functioning
mitosis pmat
prophase the chromosomes condense and become visible
metaphase chromosomes line up single file at center of cell
anaphase chromosomes pulled apart and move toward opposite sides
telophase 2 new nuclear envelopes form around chromosomes, spindle fibers disintegrate
cytokinesis in animal cells the membrane pinches in the center to form two identical daughter cells. in plants a structure called the cell plate forms midway between the divided nuclei
modes of reproduction asexual, sexual
asexual offspring are clones, some plants, bacteria, invertebrates
advantages of asexual reproduction dont need to find partner, can make offspring faster
disadvantages of asexual reproduction all the same, cant change and adapt, one disease can wipe out a whole population
sexual involves mating, offspring different from parents, most animals and plants, most common form of reproduction
advantages of sexual reproduction variation, can adapt
disadvantages of sexual reproduction takes more time, need to find a partner, offspring only get half of parents dna
gametes sperm and egg
zygote fertilized egg
which human cells are formed by mitosis everything but gametes
somatic cells everything except gametes
diploid cells with pairs of chromosomes, identical
homologous chromosome pairs each same size and shape
how do humans make sperm and egg meiosis
haploid one sperm is a haploid. one egg is a haploid
what part of the body does meiosis germ cells in ovaries for females. germ cells in testes for males.
dna macromolecule = nucleic acid, function = codes for traits location in cell = nucleus
elements of nucleic acid carbon hydrogen oxygen nitrogen phosphorous
monomers of nucleic acids nucleotides
nucleotides dna and rna are made up of nucleotides joined onto long strands or chains by covalent bonds
structure of nucleotides 5 carbon sugar, nitrogenous base, phosphate group
nitrogenous bases adenine, thymine, guanine, cytosine
structure of dna two strands called double helix, hydrogen bonds between bases, sides called backbones, base pairing
chargaffs rule base pairing= a-t as c-g
step one of dna replication an enzyme unwinds the double helix and unzips the 2 dna strands by breaking the weak bonds between the pairs
step two of dna replication a different enzyme adds new nucleotides to open dna strands by base pairing, this synthesizes a new complementary strand of dna for each original strand, each strand from the original dna molecule serves as a template for the new strands that are made
how is cytokinesis different from mitosis cytokinesis divides the actual cells not the nucleus
how is mitosis different from cytokinesis cytokinesis divides the actual cells not the nucleus
Created by: azisteiner
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