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Biology 2201 - TEST2

TermDefinition
Biochemistry The study of the activity and properties of molecules that are important in cells and other biological systems.
ATP Energy carrying molecules found inside of the cells of all living organisms/things.
Proteins Have more roles in the cell than any other type of biological molecule. They play a major role in all the activities of life.
Disaccharide Two-ringed sugar molecules. Made of two monosaccharides. Also used by cells to get energy quickly.
Cell Membrane The cell membrane is primarily made of a phospholipid bilayer.
Simple Diffusion The movement of substances directly through the cell membrane in a direction that is down the concentration gradient.
Hypotonic Solutions where the water concentration outside the cell is greater than the water concentration in the cell.
Exocytosis Reverse endocytosis. Vesicles containing substances removed from the cell. Vesicle fuses with membrane.
Aerobic Respiration Using oxygen to breakdown "fuels" and male ATP form ADP and Pin.
Glycolysis Splitting of glucose (6 carbon sugar ring) into 2 Pyruvate molecules (3 carbon each). The first step of anaerobic respiration.
Oxidative Phosphorylation Energy stored from the Krebs cycle used to produce most of the ATP through movement in electrons.
Photosynthesis The process by which plants convert some of the energy from sunlight into chemical energy in sugar form. Broken down into two main parts...light and dark reactions.
Active Transport Movement of any substance across a cel membrane with the use of ATP energy. Substance is moved across the cell membrane from area of low concentrations to high concentrations - against the concentration gradient.
Hydrophilic "Water-loving". Substances that are hydrophilic are made of polar molecules or ions. They dissolve in water.
Carbohydrates A biomolecule made of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen. Common carbohydrates includes sugars and starch. Carbohydrates are an important source of energy. Three main types...monosaccharides, disaccharides, and polysaccharides.
Hydrolysis Water is added to turn ATP into ADP plus a phosphate group, this releases energy. This release of energy is harnessed to do cellular work.
Polysaccharide Made of several hundred to several thousand monosaccharide molecules linked together. Are used to store sugar which cells use for energy. Eg: starch, glycogen.
Selectively Permeable Membrane that allows only some substances and molecules to pass into or leave the cell.
Osmosis The diffusion of water across a selectively permeable membrane. Occurs when solutions on either side of a membrane have different concentrations of solutes and those solutes cannot cross the membrane, unless from areas of low to high concentrations.
Hypertonic Solutions where the water concentration outside the cell is less than the water concentration inside of the cell.
Endocytosis Allows a cell to engulf substances and bring into cells. Cell membrane folds around substances to be taken by cell. Fold pinches off forming vesicles.
Anaerobic Respiration Breaking down of "fuels" and making ATP without the presence of oxygen.
Krebs Cycle A circular series of reactions that takes place in the mitochondria. This process makes a few more ATP but also sends energy up the line to the next step (oxidative phosphorylation)
Light Dependent Reactions This half of the process needs light in order to happen. Light energy used to make ATP & NADPH. H2O comes in and O2 comes out.. This energy is then used the other half to make sugars.
Channel Protein A similar to a tunnel. Allows the passage of specific ions to move in or out of a cell. Eg: Cl- and Na+
Lysis The cell bursts when too much water goes into the cell. Cells would be hypertonic, solutions would be hypotonic.
Hydrophobic "Water-fearing". Substances that are hydrophobic are non-polar molecules. They do not dissolve in water.
Lipids Also known as fats. They do not dissolve in water. Are a rich energy source; provide more than 2x energy as equal masses of carbs or proteins.
Monosaccharides Single-ringed sugar molecules. Are used by cells to get energy quickly, cells use them to make ATP.
Phospholipids Have two fatty acid tails bonded to glycerol. Hydrophilic head. Hydrophobic tails. Form a double-layer structure.
Passive Transport The movement of substance across the cell membrane without the use of cellular energy ATP
Facilitated Diffusion Some materials cannot diffuse through the cell membrane. Reasons why: They are too big, they are charged, or may not be fat soluble.
Enzyme Proteins that act as biological catalysts by accelerating chemical reactions.
ADP Biological molecule consisting of one adenine, one sugar, two phosphates. Combined with another phosphate to make ATP.
Calvin cycle Uses CO2 and the energy from the light reaction to make sugar.
Carrier Protein Specific materials bind to the proteins which then change the shape to move materials in or out of a cell.
Turgid Swollen and distended or congested.
Created by: Rebeccasg23
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