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Life Scient Exam 1
Intro/Chemistry/Cell biology
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Identify and describe the properties of life | 1. Order 2. Sensitivity / Response 3. Reproduction 4. Adaptation 5. Growth & Development 6. Regulation 7. Homeostasis 8. Energy Processing |
| Describe the levels of organization among living things | Atom Molecule Macromolecules Organelles Cell Tissues Organs Organ Systems Organism |
| Describe the basic characteristics of organisms in the 3 domains | Prokaryotes are Bacteria and Archaea are organisms without a nucleus or other organelles surrounded by a membrane. |
| Define the basic characteristics of organisms in the four eukaryotic kingdoms | Population is a group of individual of the same species living together. Community is a set of populations living together Ecosystem consists of all biotic and abiotic parts of an environment Biosphere is the collection of all ecosystems. |
| List examples of different sub disciplines in biology. | Forensic Science Microbiology Botany Anatomy Ecology Molecular Biology Genetics Neurobiology |
| Diversity of life names | King Philip Came Over For Good Soup |
| List the steps of the scientific method. | 1. Make an observation 2. Ask a question. 3. State a hypothesis, must be falsifiable 4. Design and perform an experiment to test the hypothesis. 5. Accept or reject 6. Publish |
| Describe the differences between a scientific hypothesis, a scientific theory, and a scientific law. | A scientific theory is a generally accepted, thoroughly tested, and confirmed explanation for a set of observations. A scientific law is a concise description of how elements of nature will behave under certain specific conditions |
| What is an atom? | An atom is the smallest component of an element that retains all of the chemical properties of that element |
| What is an element? | A substance that cannot be broken down into any other substance |
| What is a molecule? | Made up of one or more atoms |
| What is a compound? | A substance made from two or more different elements that have been chemically joined |
| What are the 6 elements in living organisms? | Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen, Nitrogen, Phosphorus, Sulfur |
| What are subatomic particles and their basic properties? | protons=positive neutrons= no charge electrons=negative |
| What is an isotope? Why do we use isotopes? | Isotopes are different forms of the same element. Carbon-12 (12C) Carbon-13 (13C) Carbon-14 (14C) They're useful in diagnostics and treatment applications |
| What is an ion? | An ion is an atom that does not have the same number of protons and electrons |
| Why do electrons determine reactivity of atoms? | they have a tendency to form chemical bonds with other atoms |
| Ionic Bond | Chemical bonds are a result of interactions of the electrons. They can either donate or accept electrons from other elements. Positive and negative charges attract, creating an ionic bond. |
| Covalent Bond | Are the strongest type of chemical bonds. They are created by a sharing of electrons between atoms. This sharing is equal (non-polar) or not equal (polar), depending on the two atoms. |
| Hydrogen Bond | Many atoms follow the octet rule, where the outermost shell is most stable with 8 electrons. Hydrogen bonds form between slightly positive (δ+) and slightly negative (δ–) charges of polar covalent molecules, such as water. Important for DNA |
| Cations | positive charge |
| Ations | negative charge |
| Acid | solutions have a lower than neutral pH less than 7 |
| Base | (alkaline) solutions have a greater than neutral pH greater than 7 |
| Buffer | can resist change in pH |
| Explain how the pH scale works and be able to calculate the change in H+ concentration between any two whole number pH values. | The pH scale measures the amount of hydrogen ions (H+) in a substance One number down is x10; two numbers down is x100 |
| Cohesion | attraction between two or more water molecules |
| Adhesion | attraction between water molecules and other molecules |
| Surface tension | is the ability of a substance to avoid rupture when placed under pressure |
| Why is water polar | The unequal sharing of electrons between the atoms and the unsymmetrical shape of the molecule means that a water molecule has two poles |
| What defines “organic”? | contains carbon |
| Why is the carbon atom important? | Carbon can form four covalent bonds to create an organic molecule. The simplest carbon molecule is methane (CH4). |
| What are the 4 biological macromolecules found in living organisms? Where can we find the macromolecules? | Lipids. This molecule of stearic acid has a long chain of carbon atoms. b) Proteins. Glycine, a component of proteins, contains carbon, nitrogen, oxygen, and hydrogen atoms. c) Carbohydrates. Glucose d) Nucleic Acids |
| What are functional groups? | a group of atoms responsible for the characteristic reactions of a particular compound |
| Dehydration | is the removal of a water molecule to produce dimers and polymers from monomers. |
| Hydrolysis | is the addition of a water molecule to break down a polymer into individual monomers. |
| Explain the components of the cell theory | 1. All living things are composed of one or more cells. 2. The cell is the basic unit of life. 3. All new cells arise from existing cells |
| List the characteristics of eukaryotic cells | Organisms can be unicellular or multicellular. Has a nucleus, which contains the DNA. Organelles |
| List the characteristics of prokaryotic cells | Unicellular. Lacks a nucleus. DNA is in the nucleoid. Approximately 1/10 the size of eukaryotic cells. |
| What is an organelle? | are membrane-bound compartments with specialized functions. These allow various functions to occur in the cell at the same time |
| All cells have: | 1. Plasma membrane: outer covering 2. DNA 3. Cytoplasm:region of cell interior where other cellular components are found. 4. Ribosomes: particles that synthesize proteins from the genetic material. |
| Bacteria and Archaea are | Prokaryotes |
| Cytoskeleton | is a network of protein fibers that: 1. Maintains the cell shape. 2. Secures organelles in specific positions. 3. Allows guided movement in the cell. 4. Allows unicellular organisms to move around the environment. |
| What biological macromolecule makes up the plasma membrane? | Phospholipids |
| EUKARYOTIC CELLS: PLANT | 1. Cell wall: rigid structure that maintains cell shape. 2. Central vacuole: water-filled, maintains pressure on the cell wall. |
| nuclear envelope | The outermost boundary of the nucleus is the nuclear envelope. It consists of two phospholipid bilayers: an outer membrane and an inner membrane. |
| Nuclear pores | Nuclear pores control transport into & out of the nucleus. |
| endoplasmic reticulum | modifies proteins and synthesizes lipids. |
Created by:
wendytoledo
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