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Micro exam 1
Eukaryote vs Prokaryote, Microbial Cell Structure, Function, Metabolism, Growth
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| types of eukaryotic organisms | fungi, protozoa, algae |
| types of prokaryotic organisms | archaea and bacteria |
| bacteria | cell walls composed of peptidoglycan, reproduce asexually, many do not cause diseases |
| archaea | lack peptidoglycan in cell walls, do not cause diseases, found in high saline/acidic/arsenic-rich and oxygen-depeleted environments |
| prokaryotic cell | lack cell nuclei and genes are not surrounded by membrane |
| eukaryotic cell | cells contain nucleus of genetic material surrounded by membranes |
| fungi splits into 2 | mold and yeasts |
| mold | multicellular, grow as long filaments intertwined to make up body, sexual and asexual spores (doesn't fuse with another cell) |
| yeast | unicellular, asexually by budding (daughter cell grows off mother cell) |
| protozoa | unicellular, asexual, locomotion, can have multi-host lifecycles |
| pseudopods | extensions of cell that flow in direction of travel |
| cilia | short protrusions of call that beat rhythmically to propel a protozoan thru environment |
| protozoa flagella | extensions of call, whiplike and longer than cilia |
| algae | unicellular or multicellular, make own food from CO2 and H2O using light energy |
| large algae are found where | seaweeds and kelps found in foods, cosmetics, and lubricants |
| unicellular algae found where | freshwater ponds, streams, lakes, and oceans |
| parasitic worms | tapeworms that cause diseases, found in microscopic eggs and in blood, fecal, urine, and lymph specimens |
| virus | acellular (no cells), not living, small amount of DNA or RNA wrapped in protein and sometimes by protein-containing lipid membrane |
| abiogenesis or spontaneous generation | random appearance of specimens |
| industrial microbiology (biotechnology) | microbes are intentionally used to manufacture products |
| germ theory of disease | microorganisms are responsible for disease |
| endospores | resting stage |
| suspected causative agent | "suspected" until postulates have been fulfilled, and "agent" refers to fungus, protozoan, bacterium, virus or pathogen |
| filterable virus | pathogen not bacterial |
| healthcare associated infections | lack adequate cleanliness leading to gangrene, puerperal fever etc |
| epidemiology | study of occurrence, distribution and spread of disease in humans |
| immunology | study of body's defenses against pathogens |
| microbes function | breakdown dead organic matter, making nutrients available |
| gram positive bacteria appear | purple |
| gram negative bacteria appear | red |
| taxis | moving toward or away from environmental stimulus |
| only living things | metabolize |
| schwann and schleide said | all living things are composed of cells. cells are living entities, surrounded by a membrane, that are capable of growing, reproducing, responding, and metabolizing |
| bacterial glycocalyx | gelatinous, sticky substance that surrounds the outside of the cell, made up of polysaccharides or polypeptides |
| capsule | glycocalyx of bacterium composed of repeating organic chemicals attached to cells surface, helps avoid detection |
| slime layer | loose, water souble glycocalyx that helps protect cell from drying (desicating) and helps pathogens survive and cause disease |
| biofilm | aggregates many bacteria living together on surface |
| structure of bacterial flagella | filament, hook and basal body |
| filament | long hollow shaft that extends out of cell into environment, inserts into hook |
| flagellin | identical globular molecules of protein |
| basal body | still different proteins, anchors the filament and hook to the cell wall and cytoplasmic membrane, rotates 360 degrees |
| function of bacterial flagella | allow flow of ions thru cytoplasmic membrane near the basal body powers the the rotation, propelling bacterium thru environment |
| run | counterclockwise rotation toward pos stimulus |
| tumble | runs interupted by random changes in direction away from neg stimulus inn clockwise rotation |
| positive taxis | towards favorable stimulus |
| negative taxis | away from unfavorable stimulus |
| fimbriae | sticky and rodlike proteins that adhere to one another and to substances in the environment |
| pilus | transfer DNA from one cell to other via conjugation |
| cocci | spherical cells in arrangments |
| bacilli | rod-shaped cells (singly or chains) |
| peptidoglycan is composed of what | NAG and NAM sugars that are bonded tg by amino acid chains |
| teichoic acids | negative electrical charges that give surface of Gram pos bacteria a neg charge so that ions can pass thru a wall |
| gram pos bacteria | THICK layer of peptidoglycan and teichoic acids, purple; retain crystal violet and 2 protein rings |
| acid-fast stain | stains cells that contain large amounts of waxy lipids |
| gram neg bacteria | THIN layer of peptidoglycan outside, theres an outer membrane (leaflets), red; 4 protein rings |
| inner leaflet | phospholipids and proteins |
| outer leaflet | lipopolysaccharide (toxic molecule of lipid A and polysaccharide) |
| periplasmic space | bw cytoplasmic and outer membrane |
| phospholipid bilayer | phosphate head (hydrophilic) and hydrocarbon tail (hydrophobic) |
| integral proteins | inserted amidst phospholipids |
| peripheral proteins | loosely attached to membrane on one side or other |
| cytoplasmic membrane | separates contents of a cell from outside environment, controls passage of substances in and out of cell, harvests light energy in photosynthetic bacteria producing atp |
| doesnt easily pass into membrane | large molecules, ions, hydrophilic substances |
| passive transport | does not require energy |
| active transport | requires energy and transmembrane proteins to move molecules across membrane |
| diffusion | movement from high to low concentration |
| facilitated diffusion | proteins allow large or ions to diffuse thru membrane from high to low conc |
| osmosis | movement of water from high to low conc of water//low to high conc of solute |
| hypertonic | higher conc of solute/lower conc of water (crenation or shrivel of cells) |
| hypotonic | low conc of solute/high conc of water (cell swells or bursts) |
| uniport | one substance is transported at a time |
| antiport | 2 chemicals transported in opposite directions |
| symport | 2 chemicals transported tg in same direction by 1 carrier protein |
| couple transport | 1 chemical electrochemical gradient provides energy to transport 2nd chemical |
| group translocation | substance transported across membrane is chemically changed during transport and trapped in cell |
| secretion system | integral membrane proteins that transport other proteins across phospholipid bilayer, inhibits neighboring bacteria, causes disease by enhancing host cell attachment or injecting toxins into host cells |
| cytosol | liquid portion of cytoplasm that contains water, dissolved substances, ions, carbs, proteins, lipids, wastes, and cells DNA (nucleoid) |
| inclusions | deposits in bacterial cytosol (lipids, starch or compounds) |
| endospores | environmentally resistant structure produced by transformation of vegetative cell of Gram-pos genera bacillus or clostridium; defensive strategy against hostile or unfortunate conditions |
| sporulation | endospore formation; 2 membranes (peptidoglycan and spore coat form copy of cells DNA and small portion of cytoplasm) |
| archael glycocalyces | gelatinous, sticky, extracellular structures made of polysaccharides, polypeptides, or both |
| archaea hami | helical filament w tiny prickles sticking out @ regular intervals; 3 distinct arms with thickened end and bends back toward cell to make entire structure look like grappling hook |
| glycocalyces are absent in | eukaryotes w cell walls (plants and fungi) |
| plant cells composed of cellulose | fungi walls composed of cellulose, chitin, or glucomannan; steroid lipids (sterols) |
| membrane rafts | lipids and proteins that remain tg in membrane as functional group and dont float independently; localize cell processes, signaling in cell, protein sorting, cell movement |
| endocytosis | physical manipulation of cytoplasmic membrane around cytoskeleton (only eukaryotes); pseudopods formed |
| phagocytosis | solid brought into cells |
| pinocytosis | liquid brought into cells |
| exocytosis | substances exported out of cell (only eukaryotes) |
| eukaryotic flagella | inside cell, composed of tubulin (globular protein) arranged in chains to form hollow microtubules; undulate rhythmically; no runs and tumbles |
| cilia | motile, hairlike structures that move cells (only eukaryotes) in cell and composed of tubulin microtubules |
| ribosomes (eukaryotes) | in cytoplasm, 60S and 40S subunits |
| cytoskeleton | internal scaffolding of fibers and tubules that help maintain basic shape of the cell |
| centriole | animal and funal have 2 in centrosome, plants and algae have none |
| centrosome | mitosis and nuclear division, cytokinesis (cell division), and formation of flagella and cilia |
| nucleus | control center and DNA |
| nucleoplasm | semiliquid matrix of nucleus |
| nuecleoli | RNA is synthesized and ribosomes assembled |
| chromatin | mass of DNA associated w histones (package nuclear DNA) |
| nuclear envelope | double membrane surrounding nucleus |
| nuclear pores | control import and export of substances thru envelope |
| smooth er | lipid synthesis and transport |
| rough er | ribosomes and protein synthesis |
| golgi body | receives, processes and packages large molecules for export from cell |
| secretory vesicles | sacs where golgi body packages secretion, which fuse w cytoplasmic membrane before dumping contents outside cell (exocytosis) |
| lysosome | animal cells, contain catabolic enzymes that self destruct old, damaged, and diseased cells |
| mitochondria | phospholipid bilayer, inner has cristae (inc sa and produce atp), site of respiration |
| peroxisome | vesicles from er, degrade poisonous metabolic waste from oxygen-dependent reactions |
| chloroplasts | light-harvesting structures in photosynthetic eukaryotes, phospholipid bilayer, linear dna |
| endosymbiotic theory | eukaryotes formed when a larger anaerobic prokaryote surrounded and formed union w smaller prokaryote |
| ribosomes (prokaryotic) | 50S and 30S subunits |
| catabolism | breakdown, exergonic (release energy) |
| anabolism | build up, energonic (require energy) |
| precursor metabolites | building blocks from nutrient catabolism |
| 3 stages of glycolysis | 1. energy-investment stage (atp phosphorylation) 2. lysis stage (G3P and DHAP convert) 3. energy conserving stage (G3P into 2 pyruvic acid) |
| acetyl coA | removes one carbon from acetate and coenzyme A, produces NADH |
| citric acid cycle | circular series of 8 enzymatically catalyzed reactions that transfer stored energy via electrons to coenzymes NAD+ and FAD (c is oxidized, and coenzymes reduced) |
| electron transport chain | carrier molecules pass electrons from one to another to final electron acceptor |
| etc located in | cytoplasmic membrane of prokaryotes and inner mitochondrial membranes of eukaryotes |
| flavoproteins | integral membrane proteins that are initial carrier molecule (alternates bw redox states) |
| ubiquinones | lipid-soluble, nonprotein carriers |
| metal-containing proteins | integral proteins w iron, sulfur, or copper that alternate bw redox states |
| cytochromes | integral protenis w heme (hemoglobin nonprotein w iron) |
| aerobic respiration | final electron acceptor is oxygen |
| anaerobic respiration | final ectron acceptor is not oxygen |
| chemiosmosis | use of ion gradients to make atp (high to low conc) moves toward electrical charge |
| atp synthases (atpases) | protein channel wehre protons flow down electrochemical gradient that phosphorylate adp to atp (oxidative phosphorylation) |
| amphibolic reactions | reactions that can proceed in either direction |
| carbohydrate biosynthesis | synthesize sugars, complex polysaccharides for cell walls in algae and peptidoglycan for cell walls of bacteria |
| gluconeogenesis | amphibolic, use enzymes of glycolysis in reverse, require unique enzymes |
| substrate-level phosphorylation | glycolysis and krebs cycle |
| fermentation | produces less atp, lactic acid, co2, propionic acid, co2 ethanol, or acetone |
| biosynthesis | creates monomers (nucleotides) |
| polymerization | creaters polymers (dna) |
| assembly | builds cell structures out of macromolecules (proteins formed to build ribosomes) |
| number of cells in future= | (# cells now)*(2^# of generations) |
| formula for # generations | (log(end)-log(start))/log2 time/# generations = generation time |
| lag phase | cells adjust to new environment |
| log phase | cells actively divide and grow exponentially |
| stationary phase | new cells produced @ same rate of old cells dying |
| death/decline phase | dead cells exceed new cells, cell lysis occurs |
| autotrophs | utilize inorganic carbonc (co2) as sole source (feed themselves) |
| heterotrophs | catabolize organic molecules (proteins, carbs, amino acids, and fatty acids) from other organisms |
| chemotrophs | acquire energy from redox reactions w inorganic and organic chemicals |
| phototrophs | use light as energy source |
| ex of photoautotrophs | plants, protozoa, algae |
| ex of chemoheterotrophs | animals, fungi, and other protozoa |
| organotrophs | heterotrophs that acquire electrons from same organic molecule that provide them carbon |
| lithotrophs | autotrophs that acquire electrons or hydrogen from inorganic molecules |
| obligate aerobes | oxygen serves as final electron acceptor of electron transport chain |
| obligate anaerobes | oxygen is deadly |
| singlet oxygen (O2) | very reactive oxidizing agent, produced photochemically by light w oxygen in presence of chlorophyll |
| superoxide radical (O2-) | incomplete reduction of o2 during etc in aerobes and metabolism in anaerobes (w oxygen) |
| superoxide dismutases | detoxify superoxide radical bc so reactive |
| peroxide anion (O2 -2) | highly reactive oxidant, detoxified by aerobic catalase or peroxidase |
| hydroxyl radical (OH) | results from ionizing radiation and incomplete reduction of hydrogen peroxide *most reactive* |
| facultative anaerobes | aerobic organisms that main life via fermentation |
| aerotolerant anaerobes | tolerate oxygen, detoxifies oxygen's poisonous forms |
| microaerophiles | require oxygen levels 2-10% |
| nitrogen fixation | reduce nitrogen gas to ammonia (NO2-->NH3) |
| dry weight of cells | c,n, o, h |
| make up rest of cell weight | p, s, ca, mg, manganese, cu, fe |
| proteins require 3d shape that is more likely to form at low temps | more likely to bread at high temps (denature, lose function) |
| psychophiles | grow best at temps <15 C |
| psychotolerant | tolerate but dont grow best in cold |
| mesophiles | grow best in temps 20-40 C |
| thermophiles | grow at temps >45 C in compost piles and hot springs |
| hyperthermophiles | grow best > 80C |
| neutrophiles | bacterial protozoa grow @ neutral pH 6.5-7.5 |
| acidophiles | grow in pH <7 |
| alkalinophiles | live up to pH 11.5, >7 |
| obligate halophiles | adapted to growth under high osmotic pressure |
| barophiles | live under extreme pressure |
| antagonistic relationships | microbe harms or kills another organism |
| synergistic relationships | each organism receives benefits |
| symbiotic relationships | interdependent on one another |
| quorum sensing | microorganisms respond to density of nearby microorganisms |
| binary fission | cell grows to twice normal size and divides in half to produce 2 daughter cells of equal size |
Created by:
cat9210
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