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Chapter 17.1

Central Dogma

QuestionAnswer
gene the sequence of DNA that codes for a piece of RNA that codes for a polypeptide -DNA stays in nucleus
gene expression process by which a gene directs protein synthesis -transcription and translation
garrod's hypothesis -inherited disease reflect the inability to synthesize an enzyme
beadle and tatum one gene = one enzyme -exposed bread mold to X-rays to create mutants -using crosses they identified 3 classes of arginine-deficient mutants, each requiring a diff enzyme for synthesizing arginine
transcription synthesis of RNA using info in DNA -produces mRNA
translation synthesizes a polypeptide using info from mRNA
ribosome site of translation
eukaryotic gene expression 1. transcription 2. RNA processing 3. translation 4. post-translational modification -nuclear envelope separates transcription from translation
prokaryotic gene expression translation of mRNA can begin before transcription has finished because free floating DNA in cytoplasm
triplet code A set of three-nucleotide-long words that specify the amino acids for polypeptide chains -smallest unit length that can code for all 20 amino acids
primary transcript (pre-mRNA) initial RNA transcript from any gene prior to processing
codon mRNA or DNA base triplets that are read in 5' to 3' direction -specifies the amino acid to be placed at corresponding position along polypeptide
genetic code -genetic code is redundant because more than one codon can code for an amino acid -not ambiguous because no codon specifies more than one amino acid
genetic code cont. -nearly universal, all organisms have shared ancestor -genes can be transcribed and translated after being transported from one species to another
reading frame On an mRNA, the triplet grouping of ribonucleotides used by the translation machinery during polypeptide synthesis.
nirenburg experiment deciphered the genetic code - used artificial mRNA of different codon combinations and added to test tube with all amino acids, ribosomes, and other synthesis components - then saw what codons synthesized which amino acids
template strand The DNA strand that provides the template for ordering the sequence of nucleotides in an mRNA transcript. -always same strand for a given gene
important codons - stop codons = UAA, UAG, UGA -start codon = AUG (methionine)
Created by: maddiemiller
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