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Chapter 16.3

DNA Repair and DNA Packing

QuestionAnswer
mismatch repair DNA polymerase II proofreads new DNA, replacing incorrect nucleotides
nucleotide excision repair 1. Teams of enzymes detect and repair damaged DNA 2. Nuclease enzyme cuts damaged DNA strand at two points, then damaged section is removed
nucleotide excision repair cont. 3. Repair system by a DNA polymerase fills in missing nucleotides, using undamaged strand as template 4. DNA ligase seals free end of new DNA to old DNA, completing the strand
replicating ends of DNA -limitations in eukaryotic DNA because polymerase has no 3' end of a preexisting polynucleotide to add onto -can't replace primer, so daughter strand is a bit smaller than parental
telomeres repetitive DNA at end of a eukaryotic chromosome's DNA molecule -protect organism's genes from being eroded during successive rounds of replication -breakdown of telomeres might be connected to aging
bacterial chromosome double stranded, circular DNA molecules, associated with small amounts of protein -found in nucleoid
eukaryotic chromosomes linear DNA molecules associated with large amounts of protein -found in nucleus -occupy specific restricted regions in nucleus -fibers of different chromosomes don't entangle
chromatin the complex of DNA and proteins that make up eukaryotic chromosomes -when cell is not dividing, it exists in dispersive form -in interphase, most chromatin is in 30nm fiber with looping
DNA packing levels 1. DNA double helix 2. Nucleosomes (euchromatin) 3. 30nm fiber of histones and DNA (heterochromatin) 4. Lopped Domains (prophase) 5. Chromatid (prometaphase) 6. Metaphase chromosome (metaphase)
nucleosomes a structural unit of eukaryotic chromosome, consisting of a length of DNA coiled around a core of histones
histones protein molecules around which DNA is tightly coiled in chromatin
euchromatin the less condensed form of eukaryotic chromatin available for translation
heterochromatin eukaryotic chromatin that remains highly compacted during interphase
nuclease A DNA cutting enzyme that excises damaged DNA
Created by: maddiemiller
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