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Human Bio (yr12)
Covers PowerPoints 1 (disease and intro) and 2 (epidemiology)
| Term or Question | Definition or Answer |
|---|---|
| Disease | Any Damage or injury that impairs an organism’s function. Or Any harmful deviation from the normal structural or functional state of an organism |
| Health | A state of complete physical, mental and social well-being, not merely the absence of disease or infirmity |
| Non-communicable Disease (+ Example) | Also known as chronic diseases, tend to be of long duration and are the result of a combination of genetic, physiological, environmental and behaviours factors. I.e., Cardiovascular disease and cancer |
| Communicable Disease (+ Example) | They are caused by bacteria, viruses, parasites or fungi or their toxic products. i.e., coronavirus and malaria |
| Host | an organism that harbors another organism inside or near their body in a symbiotic relationship |
| Pathogen | Also known as infectious agent, it is a biological agent that causes disease or illness to its host |
| Vector | an organism that does not cause disease itself but spreads infection by conveying pathogens from one host to another. |
| Parasite | an organism that lives on or in its host causing harm and gaining nutrition |
| Infectious Disease | Can be transmitted from one organism to another |
| Non-infectious Disease | Cannot be transmitted from one organism to another |
| Name 6 Pathogens | Bacteria, Viruses, Prions, Parasites (macro-parasites), Protists/Protozoa, Fungi |
| Pathogenesis | how the disease develops Or The step-by-step development of a disease from infection by a pathogen to termination of either the germ or the host |
| Epidemiology | Factors (incidence, distribution control) of disease Or It serves as the basis for public health decisions and identifies risk factors for disease. Doesn’t focus on the illness; It primarily studies wellness and how to maintain it |
| Aetiology | Studies what causes the disease. Or It is basically how scientists/doctors pinpoint what created the disease in order to better understand how to cure it or prevent it from spreading. |
| Prevalence | proportion of persons who have a condition at or during a particular time period. Or during a health event refers to the total number of existing cases at a point in time. |
| Incidence | the proportion or rate of persons who develop a condition during a particular time period Or during a health event refers to the number of new cases during a certain time period. |
| Morbidity | the state of having a specific illness or condition |
| Morality | deaths due to a disease |
| R-0 (R-naught) | a figure expressing the average number of cases of an infectious disease arising by transmission from a single infected individual in a population that has not previous encountered the disease. |
| Name the two parts of Distribution | Frequency and Pattern |
| What is Frequency and how does it help epidemiologists | Refers not only to the number of health events but also to the relationship of that number to the size of the population. The resulting rate allows epidemiologist to compare disease occurrence across different populations |
| Pattern in epidemiology | Refers to the occurrence of health-related events by time (Annual, seasonal, weekly, ect), place (urban/rural, location of work sites or school, geographic variation, ect) and person (age, sec, marital status, behaviors, environmental exposures, ect) |
| Determinants | Any factor, whether event, characteristic, or other definable entity, that brings about a change in health condition or other defined characteristic. |
| What is the difference between a clinician and a epidemiologist | The clinician is concerned about the health of an individual; the epidemiologist is concerned about the collective health of the people in a community or population. OR clinician’s “patient” is individual; the epidemiologist’s “patient” is the community |
| Application | Epidemiologists use the scientific methods of descriptive and analytic epidemiology as well as experience, epidemiologic judgment, and understanding of local conditions in “diagnosing” the health of a community and proposing, interventions for disease. |
| Scenario (Distribution, determinants or application) Compare food histories between persons with Staphylococcus food poisoning and those without | Determinants |
| Scenario (Distribution, determinants or application) Compare frequency of brain cancer among anatomists with frequency in general population | Determinants |
| Scenario (Distribution, determinants or application) Mark on a map the residences of all children born with birth defects within 2 miles of a hazardous waste site | Distribution |
| Scenario (Distribution, determinants or application) Graph the number of cases of congenital syphilis by year for the country | Distribution |
| Scenario (Distribution, determinants or application) Recommend that close contacts of a child recently reported with meningococcal meningitis receive Rifampin | Application |
| Scenario (Distribution, determinants or application) Tabulate the frequency of clinical signs, symptoms, and laboratory findings among children with chickenpox in Cincinnati, Ohio | Distribution |
| What two measures are very important to epidemiologists (+ definitions) | Prevalence (refers to the total number of existing cases at a point in time.) and incidence (refers to the number of new cases during a certain time period.) |
| Endemic (+ example) | A characteristic of a particular population, environment or region Or regularly occurring within an area or community. (i.e Predictable rates of chicken pox in young school children and Malaria in some areas of Africa |
| Epidemic (+ example) | A sudden severe outbreak within a region Or a widespread occurrence of an infectious disease in a community at a particular time. (i.e A flu epidemic or chicken pox amongst children) |
| Pandemic (+ example) | Occurs when an epidemic becomes very widespread and affects a whole region, a continent, or the entire world (i.e coronavirus) |
Created by:
ShaylaGreen
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