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BIOL286
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Ecology | The study of the interactions between an organism and its biological and physical environment |
| Microevolution | changes in allele frequencies within a population over time, resulting in short-term evolutionary changes within species |
| Macroevolution | evolution of great phenotypic change that is usually great enough to classify the changed lineage and its descendants to a distinct genus or higher taxon |
| Sources of the change in rates of evolution | Rates of environmental changes, Amount og genetic variation, Size of the population, Generation time of the population |
| Natural Selection | the different survival and/or reproduction of entities that differ in one or more characteristics |
| Artificial Selection | a process by which humans consciously breed organisms with desirable phenotypic traits to increase the frequency of the traits |
| Adaptation | a trait that provides its bearer enhanced survival and/or reproductive success in a given environment relative to individuals that do not have the trait |
| Population | a group of inter breeding individuals of the same species in the same geographic location |
| Fitness | the genetic contribution of an individual to successive generations |
| What are the prerequisites of natural selection | Phenotypic variation, Differential survival, Over-reproduction is limited, Trait is heritable |
| Trait heritability | the proportion of variance among individuals in a trait that is attributable to difference in genotype |
| Midparent | average trait value of parents |
| Genotype | particular combination of alleles at a particular genetic locus |
| Polyphonic traits | Where multiple phenotypes can arise from a single genotype due to different environmental conditions |
| Directional selection | favors a trait shifted toward on of the tails of the normal distribution |
| Stabilizing selection | individuals in both tails of the curve are at a selective disadvantage |
| Disruptive selection | Occurs when both tails of the distribution are favored over the intermediate phenotypes |
| Genetic drift | random changes in allele frequency |
| Gene flow | the net gain or loss of certain alleles by movement of individuals |
| Mutation pressure | the evolutionary change resulting from new mutants repeatedly occurring |
| Epigenetics | processes that change gene expression without a change in DNA sequence |
| Haplotype | linked loci on chromosome |
| Linkage disequilibrium | nonrandom association between alleles at one locus and alleles at another |
| Outcrossing | breeding system in which offspring are produced from gametes derived from distinct individuals |
| Selfing | individual produces gametes through meiosis but fertilization occurs between gametes from the same individual |
| Transduction | transfer of DNA from one bacterium to another via viruses |
| Transformation | Incorporation of plasms usually circular DNA that is separate from the bateria's "chromosome" |
| Conjugation | direct transfer of plasmid DNA between 2 cells via conjugation tube |
| Batesian Mimicry | non-harmful species whose coloration looks similar to actually harmful species |
| What are the assumptions of Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium? | Large population, Random mating, No immigration/emigration, Equal fitness, No mutations |
| Absolute fitness | Genetic make-up of a population after selection compared with before selection |
| Formula of Absolute fitness | (Population of genotype after) / (Population of genotype before) |
| Formula of Relative fitness | (Absolute fitness) / (highest absolute fitness in the population) |
| Selection coefficient | the proportion of a genotype selected against |
| Formula of selection coefficient | S = 1 - relative fitness (w) |
| Inbreeding | Mating among organisms that are genetically closely related, which may result in increased homozygosity |
| Inbreeding depression | a decrease in fitness due to shortage of heterozygotes with increased fitness or an increase in homozygotes with deleterious recessive alleles |
| Hybrid vigor | Increase in phenotypic characters, survival, or fitness of offspring relative to either parental line |
| Bottlenecks | evolutionary events in which a large portion of the population is lost or prevented from breeding over a short time, followed by a rebound |
| Founder effect | new population formed by a small number of individuals |
| Formula for effective population size | 1/Ne = 1/t E (1/Ni) |
| Factors decreasing effective population size | Unequal number of males and females, Not all individuals reproduce, Offspring count doesn't meet expectations, Mating isn't random, Number of breeders is changing each generation |
| Stimulus-response | a specific behavior is elicited by a specific stimulus |
| Intrasexual competition | individuals within one sex secure mates and produce offspring at the expense of other individuals within the same sex |
| Mating system | the set of relationships between males and females during reproduction |
| Monogamy | males mate with a single female during their reproductive lifetime |
| Serial monogamy | monogamous relationships for only a breeding season |
| Polygyny | Each male mates with more than one female during a breeding season |
| Polyandry | Each female mates with more than one male during a breeding season; least common, longer brood time |
| Extra-Pair Copulations (EPC) | occurs in monogamous species, matings with individuals other than social mate |
| Altricial young | incapable of independent movement/care |
| Precocial offspring | born relatively well developed and capable of independent movement, may not require biparental care |
| Lek-mating species | Males display together on traditional sites known as leks, females choose the mate based on displays, few males do the majority of the mating |
| Harems | A group of females that a male defends from other males and has exclusive access to |
| Nuptual gifts | nutritional gift given to partner for copulation |
| Positive assortive mating | matings between individuals of similar phenotypes |
| Negative assortive mating | matings between individuals of opposite phenotypes |
Created by:
Katoatoato
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