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Biology First Exam
Units 1-3
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What are the levels of organization from atoms to organisms? | Atom to molecule to cell to tissue to organ to organ system to organism. Further: to population to community to ecosystem to biosphere. |
| What are cells? Examples? | Cells are the fundamental units of life. New cells come from pre-existing cells. Example: fat cells, nerve cells, blood cells. |
| What are the characteristics of life? | Growth, evolving, working organs, food/water, reproduction, homeostasis. |
| What are the steps of the scientific method? | Observation, hypothesis, prediction, experiment, analyze data, conclusion. |
| What happens in each step of the scientific method? | Observation: something you want to study. Hypothesis: an explanation for the observation. Prediction: What will/will not happen? Experiment: A test that can be measured. Analyze Data: Notice changes. Conclusion: Your results. |
| What is a hypothesis? What is not a hypothesis? Examples? | Hypothesis: a testable statement about two or more variables. Example: Daily exposure to the sun leads to increased levels of happiness. Not: A statement that cannot be tested. Example: Goldfish make better pets than dogs. |
| Control Group vs Experimental Group? Why is a control group important? | Control Group: not exposed to the variable. Is important because you want to get the effect/result you want/see. Experimental Group: purposely changed/exposed to the variable. |
| What is an independent and dependent variable? On a graph? | Independent: Being deliberately changed by the other variables you are trying to measure. Belongs on the x-axis. Dependent: Depends on the other factors. Belongs on the y-axis. Example: A test score depends on how much you study/sleep. |
| Why is sample size important? | Sample size is a major determinant of the risk of reporting false/not the same results. Helps with accuracy. |
| What is the main cause of stomach ulcers? | H. pylori. |
| Science vs Technology | Science: A way of acquiring knowledge about the natural world. Technology: The application of scientific knowledge to human interests. |
| What is bioethics? | Bioethics is concerning the development and consequences of biological technology. Is a threat to biodiversity. Example: Genetic engineering |
| What are human impacts on the environment? Harmful? Examples? | Humans modify ecosystems for their own use. Changes in human behavior and use of new technology can result in new diseases. Examples: Deforestation, global warming, over-farming, littering, water and air pollution, over consumption of goods. |
| Peer reviewed scientific reports vs blogs, social media, second or third hand accounts of scientific information. Why is it important to look at the actual study? | The study is put through the scientific method and is unbiased. Blogs, social media, etc is biased and doesn't always have tested or proven information. Remember, correlation does not equal causation. |
| End of Unit One | End of Unit One |
| What are elements? | Elements are basic building blocks that cannot be broken down by chemical means. |
| What are the four major elements in the human body? | Hydrogen, oxygen, carbon, nitrogen. |
| What are atoms? | Atoms are the smallest unit of an element to form molecules. |
| What are the three subatomic particles of atoms and their charges? | Protons: Positive charge. Neutrons: No charge. Electrons: Negative charge. |
| What is atomic number? What is mass number? What is atomic symbol? | Example: Hydrogen Atomic Number: 1 Mass Number: 1.008 Atomic Symbol: H |
| What are molecules? | Molecules are atoms bonded together. They can be made of the same or different atoms. |
| What are the types of bonds? | Ionic and covalent. |
| What is the difference between an ionic and covalent bond? Examples? | Ionic Bonds: Donate or take on electrons, has a stable outer shell, and occur between charged ions. Example: NaCl Covalent Bonds: Share electrons, has a stable outer shell. Example: H2O |
| What are hydrogen bonds? Example? | Hydrogen bonds hold water molecules together, occur between a hydrogen in a covalent bond and a negatively charged atom. Example: H2O |
| How many electrons are in the first valence shell to make it full? What about the 2nd and 3rd shells? | 1st: 2 electrons 2nd: 8 electrons 3rd: 32 electrons |
| What does the pH scale measure? pH of water? pH of blood? | The pH scale is the measurement of hydrogen ion concentration. Water: 7/neutral Blood: 7.4/slightly basic 0-6: Acid 7: Neutral 8-14: Basic/Alkaline |
| What are acids? What are bases? How do they relate to the pH of something? | Acids: Substances that dissociate and release hydrogen ions. Bases: Substances that take up hydrogen ions or release hydrogen ions. They tell us how acidic or basic a substance is. |
| What are the four macromolecules? Examples of each? Monomers of each? | 1. Proteins: Made from amino acids: hormones and enzymes. 2. Carbohydrates: sugars: glycogen/starch. 3. Lipids: Don't dissolve in water: fats/steroids. 4. Nucleic Acids: Nucleotide subunits that make proteins: RNA/DNA. |
| What are steroids? How are the classified? Examples? | Steroids are lipids composed of four fused carbon rings. Classified as lipids. Example: cholesterol and sex hormones (testosterone/estrogen). |
| What is the difference between DNA/RNA? | DNA: has thymine, formed in the nucleus, A-T, C-G, deoxyribose. RNA: has uracil, A-U, C-G, ribose. |
| What is the difference between dehydration and hydrolysis reactions? | Dehydration: the removal of water that allows subunits to link together into larger molecules: anabolism. Hydrolysis: the addition of water that breaks larger molecules into their subunits: catabolism. |
| What is ATP? How is it produced? | ATP is energy. It is produced in the mitochondria. When broken down: ATP: ADP+P+energy. |
| End of Unit 2 | End of Unit 2 |
| What are cells? | Cells are the smallest living thing/basic unit of life. Small cells allow more nutrients to enter and waste to exit more efficiently. |
| What does the cell theory tell us about cells? | All living things are made up of cells. New cells arrive from pre-existing cells. |
| What are prokaryotes vs eukaryotes? | Prokaryotes: the first cells to evolve, has no nucleus, and deals with bacteria and archaea. Eukaryotes: Has a nucleus and many membrane bound organelles. Both have DNA, a plasma membrane and cytoplasm. |
| What is endosymbiosis? | It's a symbolic relationship where one organism lives inside the other. |
| What is the importance of the plasma membrane and its features? | The plasma membrane is a phospholipid bilayer, embedded with proteins, cholesterol, carbs, proteins, lipids and is selectively permeable. It provides protection for a cell. |
| Passive vs Active transport. | Passive: Movement from high to low concentration (No ATP). Active: Movement from low to high concentration (Requires ATP). |
| Examples of passive transport. Examples of active transport. | Passive: diffusion and osmosis. Active: transporting amino acids, pinocytosis, sodium potassium pump. |
| Hypertonic vs Hypotonic. | They both relate to the tonicity in a cell. Hyper: More solute inside the cell and leads to crenation (shriveling). Hypo: Less solute inside the cell and leads to lysis (bursting). Higher water=less solute |
| What is the nucleus? | The nucleus is bound by a porous nuclear envelope, houses chromatin (DNA with proteins), nucleolus (contains rRNA: ribosomal RNA). |
| What are ribosomes? | Ribosomes are organelles made of rRNA and protein that are bound to endoplasmic reticulum and free floating cytoplasm. Sites of protein synthesis. |
| What is the endomembrane system? | A series of membranes in which molecules are transported in the cells nuclear envelope, lysosomes, vesicles, endoplasmic reticulum, and Golgi apparatus. |
| What is RER? What is SER? | RER: studded with ribosomes used to make proteins. SER: laces ribosomes but aids in making carbs and lipids. |
| What is the Golgi apparatus? | Flattened stocks that process, package, and deliver proteins and lipids from the endoplasmic reticulum. |
| What are vesicles? | Small membranous sacs used for transport. |
| What are lysosomes? | Membranous vesicles made by the Golgi apparatus that contain digestive enzymes. |
| Cilia vs Flagella | Cilia: are 20X shorter. Both are made of microtubules, used in movement. |
| What is metabolism? | All chemical reactions that occur in a cell. Products and reactants. |
| What are enzymes? | Proteins that work on specific substrates. Active sites recycled in a reaction. Lower the amount of energy of activation. |
| What happens in the mitochondria? | Highly folded organelles in eukaryotic cells. Produce ATP and is the powerhouse of the cell. |
| What is ATP? | ATP is energy. |
| What is cellular respiration? What are the three pathways? Where is the majority of ATP produced? | Cellular respiration is the production of ATP in a cell 1. Glycolysis 2. Krebs Cycle 3. Electron Transport Cycle ATP is produced in the mitochondria. |
| End of Unit 3 | End of Unit 3 |
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