Help
Options
Didn't know it?
click below
click below
Knew it?
click below
click below
Don't Know
Remaining cards (0)
Know
retry
shuffle
restart
0:00
Embed Code - If you would like this activity on your web page, copy the script below and paste it into your web page.
Normal Size Small Size show me how
Normal Size Small Size show me how
AP Psych Unit 9
Developmental Psychology
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| developmental psychology | the study of physical, cognitive, and social changes throughout life |
| embryo | a developing human organism from 2 weeks after fertilization to 2 months |
| fetus | a developing human organism from 9 weeks after conception until birth |
| placenta | feeds the baby and screens out harmful substances |
| teratogens | harmful substances such as alcohol that can pass through the placenta and cause damage |
| fetal alcohol spectrum disorder | physical and cognitive abnormalities caused by a mother's heavy drinking while pregnant |
| rooting reflex | the phenomenon that causes babies to automatically know to root for a nipple when they feel something touch their cheek |
| sucking reflex | how babies automatically know to suck when they find a nipple |
| habituation | a decreasing responsiveness to repeated stimuli |
| maturation | biological growth processes that enable orderly changes in behavior |
| pruning process | shuts down unused neurological connections, or "links," and strengthens others in the brain |
| infantile amnesia | we seldom remember events that predate our third birthday |
| cognition | all mental activities associated with thinking, knowing, remembering, and communicating |
| schema | a concept or framework that organizes and interprets information |
| assimilation | the process of interpreting new experiences in terms of existing schemas |
| accommodation | the process of adapting our current schemas to incorporate new information |
| sensorimotor stage | Piaget's stages 1st stage of cognitive development, in which children develop object permanence and stranger anxiety |
| stranger anxiety | distress shown by infants around unfamiliar people |
| object permanence | the awareness that things continue to exist even when not perceived |
| preoperational stage | Piaget's 2nd stage of cognitive development, in which children develop symbolic (pretend) thinking and egocentrism |
| symbolic thinking | thinking that involves make-believe and fantasy games |
| conservation | properties such as mass, volume and number remain the same despite changes in form |
| egocentrism | a preoperational child's difficulty in taking other people's point of view |
| reversibility | the idea that things can change and be changed back |
| classification | the ability to simultaneously sort things into general and specific groups |
| theory of mind | people's ideas of their own and others' mental states |
| autism spectrum disorder | involves deficiencies in communication, rigidly fixated interests, and repetitive actions |
| concrete operational stage | Piaget's 3rd stage of cognitive development, in which children develop conservation and the ability to do mathematical transformations |
| formal operational stage | Piaget's 4th stage of cognitive development, in which people develop abstract reasoning and logic, as well as the potential for mature morals |
| zone of proximal development | the range of tasks that are too difficult to learn without help |
| attachment | an emotional tie |
| critical period | an optimal period when exposure to certain stimuli produces normal development |
| imprinting | the process by which certain animals form strong attachments early in life |
| secure attachment style | children become distressed when their caregiver leaves and seek contact when they return; results from relaxed and attentive caregiving |
| insecure avoidant attachment style | children show no distress when their caregiver leaves and do not seek contact upon return; results from cold and insensitive caregiving |
| insecure ambivalent attachment style | children are distressed when their caregiver leaves but do not seek contact upon return; results from an inconsistently responsive caregiver |
| insecure disorganized attachment style | caregiver simultaneously creates fear and reassurance so child presents as dazed and confused; results from abusive or neglectful caregiving situations |
| separation anxiety | the fear of strangers that babies display at around 8 months |
| temperament | a person's characteristic emotional reactivity and intensity |
| basic trust | a sense that the world is predictable and trustworthy |
| self concept | and understanding and assessment of oneself |
| self esteem | how someone feels about who they are |
| authoritarian parenting style | parents impose rules and expect obedience |
| permissive indulgent parenting style | parents are highly involved in a child's life with few demands or controls |
| permissive neglectful parenting style | parents are mostly uninvolved in a child's life and provide little supervision or guidance |
| authoritative parenting style | parents are demanding yet responsive and reasonable |
| gender | socially constructed rules and characteristics by which society defines males and females |
| biological sex | your biological status, which is defined by chromosomes and anatomy |
| sex chromosomes | chromosomes that determine biological sex; XX for female, XY for male |
| intersex | a person born with a combination of biological male and female traits |
| testosterone | a hormone that is more present in males than females |
| aggression | physical or verbal behavior intended to hurt or destroy |
| tend and befriend | the tendency to comfort others and seek comfort from others |
| gender role | a set of expected behaviors for males and females |
| gender typing | the acquisition of traditional masculine or feminine roles |
| gender identity | our sense of being male or female |
| social learning theory | the theory that we learn social behavior by observing and being rewarded or punished |
| gender schema theory | your mental framework for organizing male and female characteristics |
| gender expression | the way a person expresses their gender identity, often through their appearance |
| androgyny | a combination of masculine and feminine non-biological characteristics |
| sexual orientation | a person's enduring pattern of emotional, romantic, and/or sexual attraction |
| adolescence | the transition period from childhood to adulthood |
| puberty | the process of sexual maturation |
| primary sex characteristics | reproductive organs and genitalia |
| secondary sex characteristics | non-reproductive traits |
| preconventional stage | Kohlberg's 1st stage of morality in which children focus on their own self interests and obey rules to avoid punishment or gain concrete rewards |
| conventional stage | Kohlberg's 2nd stage of morality in which children focus on upholding laws and rules in order to gain social approval or maintain social order |
| postconventional stage | Kohlberg's 3rd stage of morality in which people's actions reflect their belief in basic rights and self-defined ethical principles |
| moral reasoning | reacting after thorough thinking and weighing the pros and cons |
| moral intuition | a quick, automatic reaction based on emotional response (gut feeling) |
| moral action | doing the right thing |
| trust vs. mistrust | Erikson's 1st psychosocial stage |
| autonomy vs. shame and doubt | Erikson's 2nd psychosocial stage |
| initiative vs. guilt | Erikson's 3rd psychosocial stage |
| industry vs. inferiority | Erikson's 4th psychosocial stage |
| identity vs. role confusion | Erikson's 5th psychosocial stage |
| intimacy vs. isolation | Erikson's 6th psychosocial stage |
| generativity vs. stagnation | Erikson's 7th psychosocial stage |
| integrity vs. despair | Erikson's 8th psychosocial stage |
| identity | a person's self definition that unifies their various selves |
| social identity | the "we" aspect of our self-concept which comes from our group memberships |
| intimacy | the ability to form emotionally close relationships |
| emerging adulthood | the gap between adolescence and full adulthood |
| selection effect | our brains dispose of unused or unnecessary information |
| menopause | when a female's menstrual cycle ends, usually around age 50 |
| crystallized intelligence | your accumulated knowledge, skills, and vocabulary |
| fluid intelligence | your processing speed |
| prospective memory | remembering to carry out plans in the future |
| social clock | the culturally preferred timing of social events |
| zygote | a fertilized egg that enters a 2 week period of rapid cell growth after conception |
Created by:
TessaMeyers
Popular Psychology sets