Developmental Psychology
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| developmental psychology | the study of physical, cognitive, and social changes throughout life
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| embryo | a developing human organism from 2 weeks after fertilization to 2 months
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| fetus | a developing human organism from 9 weeks after conception until birth
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| placenta | feeds the baby and screens out harmful substances
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| teratogens | harmful substances such as alcohol that can pass through the placenta and cause damage
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| fetal alcohol spectrum disorder | physical and cognitive abnormalities caused by a mother's heavy drinking while pregnant
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| rooting reflex | the phenomenon that causes babies to automatically know to root for a nipple when they feel something touch their cheek
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| sucking reflex | how babies automatically know to suck when they find a nipple
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| habituation | a decreasing responsiveness to repeated stimuli
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| maturation | biological growth processes that enable orderly changes in behavior
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| pruning process | shuts down unused neurological connections, or "links," and strengthens others in the brain
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| infantile amnesia | we seldom remember events that predate our third birthday
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| cognition | all mental activities associated with thinking, knowing, remembering, and communicating
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| schema | a concept or framework that organizes and interprets information
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| assimilation | the process of interpreting new experiences in terms of existing schemas
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| accommodation | the process of adapting our current schemas to incorporate new information
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| sensorimotor stage | Piaget's stages 1st stage of cognitive development, in which children develop object permanence and stranger anxiety
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| stranger anxiety | distress shown by infants around unfamiliar people
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| object permanence | the awareness that things continue to exist even when not perceived
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| preoperational stage | Piaget's 2nd stage of cognitive development, in which children develop symbolic (pretend) thinking and egocentrism
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| symbolic thinking | thinking that involves make-believe and fantasy games
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| conservation | properties such as mass, volume and number remain the same despite changes in form
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| egocentrism | a preoperational child's difficulty in taking other people's point of view
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| reversibility | the idea that things can change and be changed back
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| classification | the ability to simultaneously sort things into general and specific groups
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| theory of mind | people's ideas of their own and others' mental states
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| autism spectrum disorder | involves deficiencies in communication, rigidly fixated interests, and repetitive actions
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| concrete operational stage | Piaget's 3rd stage of cognitive development, in which children develop conservation and the ability to do mathematical transformations
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| formal operational stage | Piaget's 4th stage of cognitive development, in which people develop abstract reasoning and logic, as well as the potential for mature morals
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| zone of proximal development | the range of tasks that are too difficult to learn without help
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| attachment | an emotional tie
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| critical period | an optimal period when exposure to certain stimuli produces normal development
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| imprinting | the process by which certain animals form strong attachments early in life
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| secure attachment style | children become distressed when their caregiver leaves and seek contact when they return; results from relaxed and attentive caregiving
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| insecure avoidant attachment style | children show no distress when their caregiver leaves and do not seek contact upon return; results from cold and insensitive caregiving
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| insecure ambivalent attachment style | children are distressed when their caregiver leaves but do not seek contact upon return; results from an inconsistently responsive caregiver
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| insecure disorganized attachment style | caregiver simultaneously creates fear and reassurance so child presents as dazed and confused; results from abusive or neglectful caregiving situations
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| separation anxiety | the fear of strangers that babies display at around 8 months
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| temperament | a person's characteristic emotional reactivity and intensity
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| basic trust | a sense that the world is predictable and trustworthy
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| self concept | and understanding and assessment of oneself
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| self esteem | how someone feels about who they are
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| authoritarian parenting style | parents impose rules and expect obedience
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| permissive indulgent parenting style | parents are highly involved in a child's life with few demands or controls
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| permissive neglectful parenting style | parents are mostly uninvolved in a child's life and provide little supervision or guidance
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| authoritative parenting style | parents are demanding yet responsive and reasonable
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| gender | socially constructed rules and characteristics by which society defines males and females
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| biological sex | your biological status, which is defined by chromosomes and anatomy
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| sex chromosomes | chromosomes that determine biological sex; XX for female, XY for male
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| intersex | a person born with a combination of biological male and female traits
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| testosterone | a hormone that is more present in males than females
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| aggression | physical or verbal behavior intended to hurt or destroy
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| tend and befriend | the tendency to comfort others and seek comfort from others
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| gender role | a set of expected behaviors for males and females
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| gender typing | the acquisition of traditional masculine or feminine roles
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| gender identity | our sense of being male or female
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| social learning theory | the theory that we learn social behavior by observing and being rewarded or punished
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| gender schema theory | your mental framework for organizing male and female characteristics
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| gender expression | the way a person expresses their gender identity, often through their appearance
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| androgyny | a combination of masculine and feminine non-biological characteristics
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| sexual orientation | a person's enduring pattern of emotional, romantic, and/or sexual attraction
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| adolescence | the transition period from childhood to adulthood
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| puberty | the process of sexual maturation
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| primary sex characteristics | reproductive organs and genitalia
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| secondary sex characteristics | non-reproductive traits
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| preconventional stage | Kohlberg's 1st stage of morality in which children focus on their own self interests and obey rules to avoid punishment or gain concrete rewards
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| conventional stage | Kohlberg's 2nd stage of morality in which children focus on upholding laws and rules in order to gain social approval or maintain social order
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| postconventional stage | Kohlberg's 3rd stage of morality in which people's actions reflect their belief in basic rights and self-defined ethical principles
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| moral reasoning | reacting after thorough thinking and weighing the pros and cons
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| moral intuition | a quick, automatic reaction based on emotional response (gut feeling)
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| moral action | doing the right thing
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| trust vs. mistrust | Erikson's 1st psychosocial stage
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| autonomy vs. shame and doubt | Erikson's 2nd psychosocial stage
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| initiative vs. guilt | Erikson's 3rd psychosocial stage
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| industry vs. inferiority | Erikson's 4th psychosocial stage
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| identity vs. role confusion | Erikson's 5th psychosocial stage
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| intimacy vs. isolation | Erikson's 6th psychosocial stage
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| generativity vs. stagnation | Erikson's 7th psychosocial stage
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| integrity vs. despair | Erikson's 8th psychosocial stage
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| identity | a person's self definition that unifies their various selves
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| social identity | the "we" aspect of our self-concept which comes from our group memberships
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| intimacy | the ability to form emotionally close relationships
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| emerging adulthood | the gap between adolescence and full adulthood
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| selection effect | our brains dispose of unused or unnecessary information
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| menopause | when a female's menstrual cycle ends, usually around age 50
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| crystallized intelligence | your accumulated knowledge, skills, and vocabulary
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| fluid intelligence | your processing speed
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| prospective memory | remembering to carry out plans in the future
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| social clock | the culturally preferred timing of social events
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| zygote | a fertilized egg that enters a 2 week period of rapid cell growth after conception
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