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Chapter 14
Mendel and the Gene Idea
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| character | an observable heritable feature that may vary among individuals |
| trait | one of two or more detectable variants in a genetic character |
| true-breeding | organisms that, when reproducing, create offspring of all the same variety |
| allele | different forms of a gene |
| law of segregation | two alleles for a heritable characteristic segregate during gametes formation and end up in different gametes -due to the segregation of two members of a pair of homologous chromosomes to different gametes during meiosis |
| homozygote | organism that inherits two alleles of the same type for a given gene |
| heterozygote | organism that inherits two different alleles for a given gene |
| phenotype | the observable physical and physiological traits of an organism, which are determined by its genetic makeup -influenced by environment |
| genotype | genetic makeup/set of alleles of an organism |
| testcross | breeding an organism of unknown genotype with a homozygous recessive individual to determine the unknown genotype |
| monohybrid | an organism that is heterozygous for a single gene of interest. all the offspring from a cross between parents homozygous for different alleles are monohybrids |
| dihybrid | organism heterozygous for two genes of interest. all offspring from a cross between parents doubly homozygous are dihybrids |
| law of independent assortment | each pair of alleles segregates independently of each other pair during gamete formation |
| when does law of independent assortment happen? | applies when genes for two characters are located on diff homologous chromosomes & when far enough apart on chromosome to act act as thought they're on different chromosomes |
| multplication rule | probability of 2 or more independent events occurring together can be determined by multiplying their individual probabilities |
| addition rule | probability of anyone of two or more mutually exclusive event occurring can be determined by adding individual probabilities |
| complete dominance | when the phenotypes of the heterozygote and dominant homozygote are indistinguishable |
| incomplete dominance | when phenotype of heterozygous is intermediate between the phenotypes of individual homozygous for either allele |
| co-dominance | when phenotypes of both alleles are exhibited in the heterozygous because both alleles affect the phenotype in separate ways |
| frequency of dominant alleles | dominant allele for a particular trait may be less common than recessive |
| multiple alleles | most genes have multiple alleles |
| pleiotropy | the ability of a single gene to have multiple effects |
| epistasis | type of gene interaction in which the phenotype expression of one gene alters that of another independently inherited gene |
| polygenic inheritance | an additive effect of two or more genes on a single phenotype character = quantitative characters |
| pedigree analysis | diagram of family tree showing occurrence of heritable characters in parents and offspring over generations |
| recessive disorders | doesn't code protein or malfunctioning protein -need both recessive genes from carrier parents |
| carrier | individual who is heterozygous of a given genetic locus for a recessively inherited disorder |
| locus | location of a gene on a chromosome |
| multifactoral basis | a genetic component (polygenic) and significant environment influence -ex: heart disease |
| screenatal test | imaging to check for major anatomical abnormalities -blood test for fetal proteins that might cause genetic disorders |
| amniocentosis | the sampling of amniotic fluid using a hollow needle inserted into the uterus, to screen for developmental abnormalities in a fetus -can cause complications |
| chronic villus sampling | sampling of placental tissues for prenatal diagnosis of potential genetic defects -can cause complications |
| pku (phenylketonuria) | cannot metabolize phenylalanine (amino acid) can build up in blood and cause hyperactivity and intellectual disability |
Created by:
maddiemiller
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