Question 1

Signal Transduction Pathway

Accepted Answer

stages include: reception, transduction, response. links signal reception with cellular response

Question 2

Ligand

Accepted Answer

molecule that binds specifically to a receptor (aka hormone), signaling molecule

Question 3

Reception

Accepted Answer

detection of a single molecule coming from outside the cell

Question 4

Transduction

Accepted Answer

conversion of a signal to a form that can bring a cellular response

Question 5

Response

Accepted Answer

specific cellular response to the signal molecule

Question 6

Signaling Cascade

Accepted Answer

Cascades of molecular interactions relay signals from receptors to target molecules

Question 7

Epigenetic Changes

Accepted Answer

reversible modification of DNA or histones

Question 8

Transcription Factors

Accepted Answer

proteins that promote or inhibit transcription of a gene

Question 9

Gene Expression

Accepted Answer

regulated by interactions between regulatory proteins and regulatory sequences, due to the presence of certain transcription factors, or due to modifications of DNA or histones

Question 10

mRNA

Accepted Answer

carries genetic information from DNA to ribosomes

Question 11

tRNA

Accepted Answer

help create specific polypeptide sequences as directed by mRNA

Question 12

rRNA

Accepted Answer

functional units of ribosomes responsible for protein assembly

Question 13

Alternative Splicing

Accepted Answer

type of eukaryotic gene regulation at the RNA processing level in which different mRNA molecules are produced from the same transcript, depending on which RNA segments are treated as exons and which are treated as introns

Question 14

Translation of RNA

Accepted Answer

steps include: initiation, elongation, and termination

Question 15

Hormone

Accepted Answer

one of many types of secreted chemicals that are formed in specialized cells, travel in body fluids, and act on specific target cells in other parts of the organism, changing the target cells' functioning

Question 16

Phosphorylation Cascade

Accepted Answer

a series of chemical reactions during cell signaling mediated by enzymes in which each kinase in turn phosphorylates and activates another, which leads to the phosphorylation of many proteins

Question 17

Kinase

Accepted Answer

an enzyme that transfers phosphate groups from ATP to protein, which phosphorylates the protein

Question 18

Second Messanger

Accepted Answer

molecule that relays messages in a cell from a receptor to a target where an action within the cell takes place

Question 19

Anticodon

Accepted Answer

nucleotide triplet at one end of a tRNA molecule that base-pairs with a particular complementary codon on an mRNA molecule

Question 20

Coding Strand

Accepted Answer

non-template strand of DNA, which has the same sequence as the mRNA except it has thymine instead of uracil

Question 21

Codon

Accepted Answer

three nucleotide sequence of DNA or mRNA that specifies a particular amino acid or termination signal; a basic unit of the genetic code

Question 22

Missense Mutation

Accepted Answer

nucleotide-pair substitution that results in a codon that codes for a different amino acid

Question 23

Frameshift Mutation

Accepted Answer

mutation occurring when nucleotides are inserted or deleted from a gene

Question 24

Nonsense Mutation

Accepted Answer

mutation that changes an amino acid codon to one of the three stop codons, resulting in a shorter and usually nonfunctional protein

Question 25

Point Mutation

Accepted Answer

change in a single nucleotide pair of a gene

Question 26

Promoter

Accepted Answer

specific nucleotide sequence in the DNA of a gene that binds RNA polymerase, positioning it to start transcribing RNA at the appropriate place

Question 27

Silent Mutation

Accepted Answer

nucleotide-pair substitution that has no observable effect on the phenotype; switch results in a codon that codes for the same amino acid as before

Question 28

Triplet Code

Accepted Answer

genetic information system in which a series of three-nucleotide-long words specifies a sequence of amino acids for a polypeptide chain

Question 29

Activator

Accepted Answer

proteins that bind to DNA and stimulates gene transcription. prokaryotes: activators bind in or near the promoter. eukaryotes: activators generally bind to control elements in enhancers.

Question 30

Repressor

Accepted Answer

protein that inhibits gene transcription. prokaryotes: repressors bind to DNA near the promoter. eukaryotes: repressors may bind to control elements within enhancers, to activators, or to other proteins in a way that blocks activators from binding to DNA

Question 31

Differential Gene Expression

Accepted Answer

the expression of different sets of genes by cells with the same genome

Question 32

Enhancer

Accepted Answer

a segment of eukaryotic DNA containing multiple control elements, usually located far from the gene whose transcription it regulates

Question 33

Histone

Accepted Answer

very basic proteins that act as spools that DNA can wrap itself around.

Question 34

Inducer

Accepted Answer

specific small molecules that bind to a bacterial repressor protein and changes the repressor's shape so that it cannot bind to an operator, which switches the operon on

Question 35

Operator

Accepted Answer

in phage DNA, a sequence of nucleotides near the start of an operon to which an active repressor can attach. Binding of the repressor prevents RNA polymerase from attaching to the promoter and transcribing the genes of the operon

Question 36

Regulatory Gene

Accepted Answer

a gene that codes for a protein, such as a repressor, that controls the transcription of another gene or group of genes

Term	Definition
Transcription
Translational
Signal Transduction Pathway	stages include: reception, transduction, response. links signal reception with cellular response
Ligand	molecule that binds specifically to a receptor (aka hormone), signaling molecule
Reception	detection of a single molecule coming from outside the cell
Transduction	conversion of a signal to a form that can bring a cellular response
Response	specific cellular response to the signal molecule
Signaling Cascade	Cascades of molecular interactions relay signals from receptors to target molecules
Receptor Proteins
Regulatory Sequences
Epigenetic Changes	reversible modification of DNA or histones
Transcription Factors	proteins that promote or inhibit transcription of a gene
Gene Expression	regulated by interactions between regulatory proteins and regulatory sequences, due to the presence of certain transcription factors, or due to modifications of DNA or histones
Structural Proteins
Operons
mRNA	carries genetic information from DNA to ribosomes
tRNA	help create specific polypeptide sequences as directed by mRNA
rRNA	functional units of ribosomes responsible for protein assembly
iRNA
Alternative Splicing	type of eukaryotic gene regulation at the RNA processing level in which different mRNA molecules are produced from the same transcript, depending on which RNA segments are treated as exons and which are treated as introns
Polypeptide
Protein
Translation of RNA	steps include: initiation, elongation, and termination
Hormone	one of many types of secreted chemicals that are formed in specialized cells, travel in body fluids, and act on specific target cells in other parts of the organism, changing the target cells' functioning
Phosphorylation Cascade	a series of chemical reactions during cell signaling mediated by enzymes in which each kinase in turn phosphorylates and activates another, which leads to the phosphorylation of many proteins
Kinase	an enzyme that transfers phosphate groups from ATP to protein, which phosphorylates the protein
Second Messanger	molecule that relays messages in a cell from a receptor to a target where an action within the cell takes place
Anticodon	nucleotide triplet at one end of a tRNA molecule that base-pairs with a particular complementary codon on an mRNA molecule
Coding Strand	non-template strand of DNA, which has the same sequence as the mRNA except it has thymine instead of uracil
Codon	three nucleotide sequence of DNA or mRNA that specifies a particular amino acid or termination signal; a basic unit of the genetic code
Missense Mutation	nucleotide-pair substitution that results in a codon that codes for a different amino acid
Frameshift Mutation	mutation occurring when nucleotides are inserted or deleted from a gene
Nonsense Mutation	mutation that changes an amino acid codon to one of the three stop codons, resulting in a shorter and usually nonfunctional protein
Point Mutation	change in a single nucleotide pair of a gene
Promoter	specific nucleotide sequence in the DNA of a gene that binds RNA polymerase, positioning it to start transcribing RNA at the appropriate place
Silent Mutation	nucleotide-pair substitution that has no observable effect on the phenotype; switch results in a codon that codes for the same amino acid as before
Triplet Code	genetic information system in which a series of three-nucleotide-long words specifies a sequence of amino acids for a polypeptide chain
Activator	proteins that bind to DNA and stimulates gene transcription. prokaryotes: activators bind in or near the promoter. eukaryotes: activators generally bind to control elements in enhancers.
Repressor	protein that inhibits gene transcription. prokaryotes: repressors bind to DNA near the promoter. eukaryotes: repressors may bind to control elements within enhancers, to activators, or to other proteins in a way that blocks activators from binding to DNA
Differential Gene Expression	the expression of different sets of genes by cells with the same genome
Enhancer	a segment of eukaryotic DNA containing multiple control elements, usually located far from the gene whose transcription it regulates
Histone	very basic proteins that act as spools that DNA can wrap itself around.
Inducer	specific small molecules that bind to a bacterial repressor protein and changes the repressor's shape so that it cannot bind to an operator, which switches the operon on
Operator	in phage DNA, a sequence of nucleotides near the start of an operon to which an active repressor can attach. Binding of the repressor prevents RNA polymerase from attaching to the promoter and transcribing the genes of the operon
Regulatory Gene	a gene that codes for a protein, such as a repressor, that controls the transcription of another gene or group of genes

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