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Envo Bio ch. 1-4
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| 1 Billion people | Took all of human history until the mid-1800s to reach ___ |
| 7.8 Billion | Current approx. human population |
| 4, 2. Net gain 2.5 | Every second about ___ children are born, while about __ other people die. Net gain ___ humans added to the world population every second |
| Crude birth (or death) rate | The number of births (or deaths) per 1,000 people per year |
| Population density | the number of individuals of a species per unit of area at a given time |
| better nutrition, hygiene, sanitation, medicine, clean water | During the past 300 years, growth in human populations is largely due to a decrease in death rate caused by: |
| Exponential population growth | accelerating population growth caused by a percent rate of growth compounded over time - J-shaped graphed |
| Carrying capacity | the maximum number of individuals of any species that can be supported by a habitat over the long term |
| Ecological footprint | the environmental demands needed to supply a person food, energy, water, housing, transportation, and waste disposal |
| Eco footprint is based on | life style and the level of consumption |
| 3.5 more Earths | We would need ___ more Earths to support everyone worldwide at an American lifestyle |
| Life expectancy | average age a newborn can expect to attain in a given society |
| Dependency ratio | the number of non-working compared to working individuals in a population |
| Both rapidly and slowly growing countries can have a problem with the ____ | dependency ratio |
| Total fertillity rate | the number of children born to an average woman in a population during her reproductive life |
| Replacement level fertility | the number of children a couple must have to just replace themselves; in highly developed countries such as U.S it is approximately 2.1 |
| Higher ____ and personal freedom for women often result in decisions to limit childbearing | education |
| Demography | a branch of sociology dealing with vital statistics about people such as births, deaths, distribution, and population size |
| Demographic transition | a shift from high birth and death rates to low birth and death rates that has brought stable populations to the industrialized world |
| Stage 1 | poor conditions keep death rates high; birth rates are correspondingly high |
| Stage 2 | economic development brings better conditions and standard of living thus death rates fall. Birth rates stay constant or even rise |
| Stage 3 | eventually birth rates begin to fall. Populations can grow rapidly in stages 2 and 3 |
| Stage 4: developed countries | transition complete; both death and birth rates are low; population is in equilibrium |
| Most demographers believe world population should ___ sometime during the 21st century | stabilize |
| World average fertility rate of ___ births per woman is less than half it was 50 years ago | 2.45 |
| Taxonomic Naming System/Classification | Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus, Species |
| Six Kingdoms | Animals, Plants, Fungi, Protists, Eubacteria, Archaebacteria |
| Adaptations to avoid predators | Thick bark, thorns, spines, and camouflage |
| Chemical defenses (adaptation) | Snakes, spiders, skunks |
| Competition | when two or more organisms attempt to use an essential common resources (food, habitat, ability to mate) |
| Symbiosis | the intimate living together of members of two different species |
| Parasitism | a form of predation where one species benefits and the other is harmed |
| Mutualism | both members of the partnership benefit |
| Commensalism | one member benefits while the other is neither benefited nor harmed |
| Keystone species | a species or group of species that play essential community roles |
| Habitat | the set of environmental conditions in which a particular organism lives |
| Adaptation | process where species acquire traits that allow them to survive in their environments |
| Evolution | a theory that explains how random changes in genetic material & competition for scarce resources cause species to change gradually |
| Natural Selection | genetic combinations best adapted for present environmental conditions tend to become abundant |
| Speciation | separation of one species into new types |
| Example of speciation | galapagos finches - one species of bird evolved into 13 distinct species |
| Ecological Niche | the role played by a species in a biological community |
| Predation | one species uses another as food |
| Predator | any organism that feeds directly on another living organism is termed a predator: consumers (herbs too), parasites, pathogens |
| Exponential growth | growth at a constant rate of increase per unit of time. graphed as a J curve |
| Biotic Potential | potential of a population to grow in the absence of expansion limitations |
| Carrying capacity | number of individuals that can be indefinitely supported in a given area |
| Logistic growth | growth slows as the population approaches carrying capacity; graphed as an S curve; population stabilizes |
| Environmental resistance | factors that tend to reduce population growth rates |
| Primary productivity | production of biomass by photosynthesis |
| Diversity | the number of different species in an area |
| Ecological succession | process by which organisms gradually occupy a site, alter its conditions, and are eventually replaced by other organisms |
| Primary succession | a community begins to develop on a site previously unoccupied by living organisms ex. bare rocks or sand dune |
| Secondary succession | an existing biological community is disrupted and a new one subsequently develops at the site. One biological community replaces another |
| Ecosystem | a biological community and its interaction with the physical environment, through which materials and energy move |
| Elements | matter has has and takes up space, it consists of ____ such as oxygen, carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen |
| Atom | the smallest particle that exhibits the characteristics of an element |
| Molecules | a group of atoms that can exist as an individual unit and that has unique properties; ex. H2O, O2 |
| Compound | a molecule containing different kinds of atoms; ex. Sodium chloride = NaCl |
| The pH scale: ranges from ___ to ___ with ____ being neutral | 0 to 14, with 7 |
| Acidic, basic, neutral | 0 is acidic, 14 is basic, 7 is neutral |
| Kinetic Energy | contained in moving objects (a rock rolling down a hill) |
| Potential Energy | stored energy available for use (chemical fuel) |
| Heat | energy that can be transferred between objects of different temperatures |
| Specific Heat | amount of heat required to warm one gram of a substance one degree Celsius |
| First Law of Thermodynamics | energy is conserved. Under normal conditions, it is neither created nor destroyed, but can be transferred or transformed |
| Second Law of Thermodynamics | with each successive energy transfer or transformation, less energy is available to do work |
| Photosynthesis | converts light energy into useful chemical energy |
| Water plus carbon dioxide plus energy from the sun | produces sugar and oxygen |
| Cellular respiration | process in which organic compounds broken down to release energy used for work |
| Chemosynthesis | process in which inorganic chemicals such as hydrogen sulfide serve as an energy source for synthesis of organic molecules |
| Species | organisms genetically similar enough to breed and produce live, fertile offspring in nature |
| Population | all members living and interacting in an area |
| Producers | photosynthesize (plants and algae) |
| Consumers | eat other organisms |
| Trophic | level refers to an individual's feeding position in an ecosystem |
| Hydrologic (water) cycle | the total amount of water on earth does not change; it moves from one place to another |
| Carbon | serves a dual purpose for organisms: structure for organic molecules; chemical bonds provide metabolic energy |
| Carbon "sinks" | places of carbon accumulation such as large forests or ocean sediments |
| Nitrogen | makes up about 78% of the air, but plants cannot use N2, the stable diatomic molecule in air |
| Phosphorus | Large amounts of ____ stimulate plant and algae growth (algae blooms and water pollution) |
| Fossil fuels | Volcanic eruptions, rocks, and minerals are sources of sulfur. Humans release large quantities of sulfur by burning ____ ____ which causes acid rain and health problems |
| Sustainable development | meeting the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs |
| Sustainability | ecological systems coexist with human progress (social and economic systems) and can last over the long term |
| Global environmentalism | The extension of modern environmental concerns to global issues |
| Modern environmentalism | A fusion of conservation of natural resources and preservation of nature with concerns about pollution, environmental health, and social justice |
| Silent Spring by Rachel Carson (1962) | She initiated modern environmentalism which concerns both natural resources and environmental pollution |
| Preservation leaders | John Muir (life centric), Aldo Leopold (land ethic) |
| Utilitarian conservation leaders | President Theodore Roosevelt, Gifford Pinchot |
| Preservation (moral and aesthetic nature) | A philosophy that emphasizes the fundamental right of living organisms to exist and to pursue their own ends |
| Utilitarian conservation (pragmatic resource) | The philosophy that resources should be used for the greatest good for the greatest number for the longest time |
| Environmental Damage is caused by? | Resource extraction and use, and toxic chemicals caused by industrialization |
| 7 Billion | More than ____ people now occupy the earth, and we add about 80 million more each year |
| Scientific theory | an explanation that has been extensively tested and supported through many observations or experiments |
| Hypothesis | a conditional explanation that can be tested by further observation or experiment |
| Science | A process for producing knowledge |
| Examples of ecosystem services | water cycling, air quality regulation, flood control, pollination of food crops, decomposition of waste |
| Ecosystem services | refers to the services or resources provided by environmental systems that we rely on |
| Ecology | The study of the interrelationships between and among living organisms and the non-living environment |
| Biology | the study of living things |
| Environmental science focuses on the role of | humans in the environment, interdisciplinary, and mission-oriented |
| Environmental science | is the systematic study of our environment and our place in it |
| Environment | the circumstances and conditions that surround an organism or group of organisms |
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