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BIOL - chapter 27
Prokaryotes
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Bacteria and ____ are collectively referred to as prokaryotes | archaea |
| In the 1540s, who suggested that disease was caused by unseen organisms? | Italian physician Girolamo Fracastoro |
| Dutch scientist Antony van Leeuwenhoek was the first scientist to | observe and accurately describe microbial life |
| Which scientist settled the argument over spontaneous generation? | Louis Pasteur |
| In the 19th century, German physician Robert Koch proposed four postulates that serve to | prove a causal relationship between a microorganism and a disease |
| Organisms in the domains Bacteria and Archaea are collectively referred to as _____ | prokaryotes |
| How long were prokaryotes the only living things on Earth before the evolution of eukaryotic cells? | Over one billion years |
| In the 1540s Italian physician Girolamo Fracastoro suggested that disease was caused by | unseen organisms |
| Which scientist first observed microorganisms with his homemade microscope? | Dutch scientist Antony van Leeuwenhoek |
| One of the most important scientific contributions of the french microbiologist Louis Pasteur was that he | refuted the idea of spontaneous generation |
| Which of the following are Koch's postulates to prove a causal relationship between a microorganism and disease? | Microorganism must be present in every case of the disease and absent from healthy individuals The putative causative agent must be isolated and grown in pure culture The disease must result when the cultured microorganism is used to infect a healthy ho |
| As the oldest form of life, prokaryotes were the only living organisms on Earth for over ______ years | 1 billion |
| Although the cells of some prokaryotic species may adhere to one another within a matrix or form filaments, prokaryotes are fundamentally _____ | single-celled |
| How many chromosomes are typically found in a bacterial cell? | One |
| Prokaryotic reproduction occurs through which of the following processes? | Binary fission |
| Bacterial flagella are composed of | a single protein fiber |
| Although bacteria and archaea are very similar, they differ in several key areas. Which of the following is a key difference in their plasma membrane? | Archaeal membrane lipids contain ETHER bonds. |
| Prokaryotic organisms, such as bacteria and archaea, are (with very few exceptions) | unicellular organisms |
| Most prokaryotes have a single circular chromosome(s) made up of which of the following? | DNA and protein |
| Bacterial and archaean cells reproduce via a type of asexual reproduction called _____, the process whereby a single cell splits into two identical cells. | binary fission |
| Which of the following are true of bacterial flagella? | They are rigid and spin like propellers. They are composed of a single protein fiber. |
| Both bacteria and archaea have cell walls, but the cell walls are chemically different between the two. Which describes the cell wall of the Archaea? | They lack peptidoglycan. |
| A ___ is similar to a spirillum, but it is narrower and has a loosed twist. | spirochete |
| Peptidoglycan is an important component of the cell walls of which microbes? | Most bacteria |
| How many types of bacteria can be identified using the Gram stain? | Two |
| Gram-positive bacteria have cell walls with a thick _____ layer and appear _____ after the Gram staining procedure | peptidoglycan and purple |
| Some bacteria and most archaea have an additional protein or glycoprotein layer forming a paracrystalline surface called the ____ layer | S |
| Which of the following describes the bacterial capsule? | An additional gelatinous layer that surrounds the other wall layers |
| The cell walls of most bacteria contain a polymer called | peptidoglycan |
| A staining process called the ____ _____ classifies bacteria into two groups depending on how much peptidoglycan is contained in their cell walls. | gram stain |
| A _____ may be found on the outer surface of a prokaryotic cell in order to propel or move the organism. | flagella |
| Gram-___ bacteria have a relatively thin peptidoglycan layer in their cell walls, and appear red after a Gram stain. | negative |
| An additional protein or glycoprotein layer, which forms a paracrystalline surface in some bacteria and most archaea is called which of the following? | S-layer |
| Some bacteria have an additional gelatinous layer that surrounds the other wall layers and contributes to their ability to adhere to surfaces and to cause disease. What is this layer called? | Capsule |
| Some bacteria survive harsh conditions in a dormant state, existing in structures called | endospores |
| Which structure found on the outer surface of some prokaryotic cells functions in propelling the the organism in a fluid environment? | Flagellum |
| A small, independently replicating circle of DNA that is found in many prokaryotic cells and contains a small number of genes, that may confer advantage to the cell in certain conditions, is called a | plasmid |
| The antibiotic chloramphenicol binds the smaller 70S ribosomes and not the larger 80S ribosomes. From this information you can conclude that chloramphenicol prevents which of the following? | Protein synthesis in prokaryotes |
| While prokaryotes do not reproduce sexually, DNA can be exchange between different cells of the same species or between cells of different species. This is known as ____ gene transfer | horizontal |
| a ___ is a small independently replicating circle of accessory DNA found in many prokaryotic cells. | plasmid |
| Some antibiotics, such as tetracycline, work because they block protein synthesis by differentiating between prokaryotic and eukaryotic | ribosomes |
| Transformation | Uptake of DNA directly from the environment |
| Conjugation | Transfer of DNA through close cell-to-cell contact |
| Transduction | Transfer of DNA by viruses |
| A bacterial cell that can acquire DNA fragments through natural transformation is said to be | competent |
| A cell that has acquired an F' plasmid from another cell is a partial ____ for the bacterial genes carried on the F' plasmid. | diploid |
| Assimilation of DNA fragments from dead bacterial cells is called which of the following? | Natural transformation |
| An integrated F plasmid can excise itself from the chromosome. If during such an excision, the F plasmid also picks up some chromosomal DNA, it is called | F' |
| Antibiotic resistance can spread rapidly in bacterial populations through | the transfer of R plasmids |
| Cholera, Lyme disease, scarlet fever, and pneumonia are all examples of diseases caused by | bacteria |
| natural ____ occurs when a cell dies and releases its contents into the surrounding environment and DNA fragments are taken up by other living cells. | transformation |
| If this bacterium readily performs conjugation involving a copy of this plasmid, then the result should be which of the following? | The rapid spread of tetracycline resistance to other bacteria in a favorable habitat. |
| Which of the following diseases are the result of an infection by a pathogenic bacterium? | Cholera Tetanus Whooping cough |
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3ugarciara
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