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Chapter 25
Biol
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| macroevolution | evolution occurring beyond the DNA level outside of a species over a long period of time- big changes |
| microevolution | DNA changes occurring within a species |
| Fossil | perserved remains or impressions of an organism |
| Half-life | carbon dating that determines the date of fossils based on how much carbon is remaining on the fossil |
| prokaryote | single celled organisms like bacteria and archaea that lack a nucleus and organelles |
| Eukaryotes | any cell or organism that has a nucleus with chromosomes |
| mycorrhizae | symbiotic association between plant root and fungi which allows to enhance nutrient and water intake |
| speciation | formation of new and distinct species in the course of evolution |
| extinction | process of a species becoming extinct |
| development or regulatory genes | genes that are critical for pattern formation and cell fate specification during the development of multicellular organisms |
| homeotic genes | genes that determine basic genes or structures |
| hox genes | responsible for animal development- if the gene is expressed in the wrong place then the body part will be produced in the wrong location |
| Exaptation | where one structure evolves to perform a new function- example our arms used to be used as feet for movement and now they are used as arms to perform tasks and day to day functions |
| what type of rock are most fossils found in and why? | Sedimentary rock because this layer of rock decreased the level of decay and micro-organisms didn't survive in this layer allowing the fossil to survive better |
| what are the 3 conditions required to become a fossil | species must be around a long time species is abundant around the world species has hard shell or skeleton |
| how are fossils dated | relative age-based off the layer or strata the fossil was found in absolute age- based on radiometric dating also known as half life dating |
| when did prokaryotes appear and what were they? | stromatolites- oldest fossil bacteria mats to appear 3.5 billion years ago |
| how did prokaryotes change the atmosphere and what were the results? | oxygen rates increased allowing the environment to be better suited for the photosynthetic prokaryotes and the production of more oxygen -this also set the stage for eukaryotes to evolve while prokaryotes become more extinct |
| use endosymbiosis to explain eukaryotes | a eukaryote was created by a prokaryote living inside the eukaryote. the prokaryote had mitochondria type functions |
| when did eukaryotes arrive | 2.5 to 3 bya while multicellular eukaryotes arrived 1.5 bya |
| when did soft body animals show up | sponges and mollusks arrived 600 mya |
| when was the Cambrian Explosion and what are some events associated with it? | the Cambrian Explosion occurred 530 mya and it was the time period when most of the major groups of animals 1st appear in the fossil records |
| when did life arrive on land and what allowed that to happen? | 500 mya |
| What are the tetrapod clades and when did they arrive? | vertebrates, amphibians, reptiles, birds, and mammals around 360 mya |
| When do humans show up in the fossil records | 195,000 years ago |
| What 3 factors influence the rate of speciation and extinction of the a species? | plate tectonics mass extinction adaptive radiation |
| plate tectonics | when plates move and divide that species that were once able to reproduce together and share a gene pool, now no longer can reproduce together so the gene pool separate and become different species |
| mass extinction | sometimes random when environments change, organisms must adapt to the change, move to new environments or die |
| adaptive radiation | come with island chain were one species become divided into different islands and evolve based on different environmental factors |
| how many mass extinctions have there been and what was the most recent one | 5- dinosaurs being killed off 66 mya |
| what is the cause of the 6th mass extinctions? | human expansion causing loss of habitat for species |
| of the previous mass extinctions, which led to our currently being here? When did it occur and what caused it? How did it lead to our eventual speciation? | the dinos kept the mammals very small. when the asteroid hit the Earth, the ash and smog blocked out the sun causing a global winter. this led to extinction of the dinos and evolution of mammals |
| When does adaptive radiation occur? | -rapid revolution of diversely adaptive species from common ancestor caused by: mass extinction evolution of novel characteristics colonization of new regions |
| Which of these might result in a global chain | mass extinction, new traits and new land all causing global change |
| Explain the statement "evolution is not goal oriented" | there is no plan with an end goal when it comes to evolution and evolution does not always result in a helpful mutation -these are just random mutation and if the mutation is adaptive then the organism will survive better to pass on the traits |
Created by:
gracelew
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