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Patho Hematology
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| WBC count | 4-10,000 |
| RBC count | male: 4.3-5.6 million cells/mcL female: 3.9-5.1 million |
| HCT (hematocrit) | male: 38.3-48.6% female: 35.5-44.9% Proportion of RBC to plasma |
| HB (hemoglobin concentration) | male: 13.5-17.5 gm/dL female: 12.0-15.5 gm/dL |
| PLT (platelet count) | 150,000-450,000 mcL |
| PT (prothrombin time) | 10.0-13.0 How quickly blood clots |
| PTT (partial thromboplastin time) | 60-70 Response to anticoagulant therapies |
| INR (international normalized ratio) | 1.1 or below |
| Monocytes | 200-800 cells/mcL 2-10% of WBCs Macrophages (mature monocytes in tissues) Dendritic cells (antigen-presenting cells) |
| Lymphocytes | 1,000-4,000 cells/mcL 20-40% of WBCs Long-term immunity T and B cells (B cells produce antibodies) |
| Eosinophil | Type of granulocyte WBC less than 500 cells/mcL 1-7% of WBCs Elevate during parasitic infections and allergens |
| Basophils | Type of granulocyte WBC 0-300 cells/mcL less than 2% of WBC elevate during infection and inflammation contain histamine which help signal neutrophil migration |
| Neutrophils | Type of granulocyte WBC 1,500-7,000 cells/mcL 40-80% of WBC First responders Carry out phagocytosis |
| Leukocytosis | WBC above 11,000 cells/mcL |
| Leukemoid rxn | WBC above 50,000 cells/mcL Response to stress or infection |
| Leukopenia | WBC less than 4,000 cells/mcL neutrophils most commonly affected |
| Neutrophilia | neutrophil count greater than 7,000 (most common WBC to increase during leukocytosis) total WBC count less than 11,000 |
| Neutropenia | neutrophil count less than 1,500 medications can be cause fligrastim stimulates neutrophil synthesis |
| Leukemia | neoplastic proliferation of WBCs |
| Lymphoma | proliferation of B or T lymphocytes in lymphoid tissue |
| Hematopoiesis | Process of blood cell production in adult bone marrow or in the liver and spleen of the fetus Mitosis and maturation Stem cells (from bone marrow) |
| Erythrocyte | RBC |
| Polycythemia | over proliferation of all blood cells in bone marrow |
| Anemia | insufficient O2 delivery to tissues due to inadequate healthy, mature blood cells |
| Erythropoiesis | Synthesis of RBCs |
| Reticulocyte | immature RBCs reticulocytosis= increase reticulocyte levels in blood circulation (indicates increase in RBC synthesis) |
| Erythropoietin | stimulates bone marrow to produce RBCs in states of hypoxia |
| Total # RBC per liter | M: 4.5-5.5x 10^6 F: 4.0-4.9 x 10^6 |
| Hematocrit (% of whole blood consisting of RBCs) | M: 45-52% F: 37-48% |
| Mean corpuscular volume (MCV- size of RBC) | 80-100 femtoliters |
| Mean corpuscular hemoglobin (MCH- mass of RBCs) | 27-32 picograms |
| Mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration (MCHC) | 32-36% |
| Platelet # | 90,000-450,000 |
| Reticulocytes % | 1% |
| Total blood volume | 5 L Can lose 500 mL of blood w/o serious effects Loss of 1,000+ veryyyy bad |
| Hemolytic Anemia | erythrocyte destruction outpaces replacement |
| Iron deficiency anemia | Most common cause of anemia |
| Pernicious anemia | can not absorb needed B12 |
| Megaloblastic anemia | folic acid deficiency |
| Aplastic anemia | lack of bone marrow production by lack of EPO |
| Hemostasis | body's normal rxn to an injury that causes bleeding Primary: platelet aggregation Secondary: fibrin formulation (forms a clot/thrombus) |
| Normal platelet level | 150,000-450,000 |
| Thrombocytopenia | Platelets less than 100,000 |
| Thrombocytosis | Platelets greater than 750,000 |
| Symptoms of polycythemia | systolic hypertension, DVT, vertigo, tinnitus, headache, visual disturbances, and transient ischemic attacks |
| Symptoms of anemia | can be asymptomatic, GI tract blood loss, heavy menstrual period, tachycardia, jaundice, splenomegaly, vegetarianism, trauma |
| Symptoms of leukemia/lymphoma | anemia, leukopenia, thrombocytopenia, bone pain, enlarged lymph node, splenomegaly |
| Major steps of hemostasis | 1. Vasoconstriction 2. Platelet plug formation 3. Blood coagulation 4. Fibrinolysis |
| Acute lymphocytic leukemia | aggressive and more common in children; chromosomal and genetic alterations; immature T or B cells; could migrate to CNS |
| Chronic lymphocytic leukemia | most common older men 70+ occupational history important ZAP-70 (positive is worse) B-cell malignancy |
| signs of CLL | lymphocytosis with WBC count over 20,000 |
| Acute Myelogenous Leukemia | proliferation of myeloid blast cells; risk with previous cancer treatment |
| Chronic Myelogenous Leukemia | overproduction of mature myeloid blast cells 65+ chronic (neutrophils lose diff) to accelerated (neutrophils more undiff) to blast crisis stage (spread to other tissue) |
| symptoms of CML | WBC count over 100,000, anemia, increase infection and bleeding |
| Non-Hodgkin's Lymphoma | over 80% of lymphoma older people B, T, NK over 30 subtypes |
| Hodgkin's Lymphoma | about 20% 15-20 aged B-cell 5 subtypes |
| Hyperbilirubinemia | accumulation of bilirubin in blood can lead to jaundice |
| less than 15% of acute blood loss | orthostatic hypotension and anxiety |
| 15-30% acute blood loss | SNS activity; increase HR; activation of RAAS; release of ADH; restlessness and change in consciousness |
| 30-40% blood loss | HR greater than 120 BPM hypotension urine output 5-15 ml/hr |
| 40%+ blood loss | severe hypotension; decreased consciousness; HR greater than 140 BPM; no urine output |
| Sickle cell anemia | HbS formation problems; after 10 years complications begin; RBCS fragile and misshapen; hypoxia; hand-foot syndrome |
| Hemolytic Transfusion rxns | Blood transfusion rxns |
| Extrinsic pathway | damage to outside vessel factor VII and leads to factor X PT and INR |
| Intrinsic pathway | damage to vessel factor XII to factor X aPTT |
| Fibrinolysis | clot dissolution; breakdown of fibrin in blood clots |
Created by:
lilyorkie
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