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Genetics
AP Bio Unit 11
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| addition rule | the probability of any one of two or more mutually exclusive events occurring can be determined by adding their individual probabilities. |
| allele | Any of the alternative versions of a gene that may produce distinguishable phenotypic effects. |
| carrier | an individual who is heterozygous at a given genetic locus for a recessively inherited disorder. The heterozygote is generally phenotypically normal for the disorder but can pass on the recessive allele to offspring. |
| character | An observable heritable feature that may vary among individuals. |
| codominance | The situation in which the phenotypes of both alleles are exhibited in the heterozygote because both alleles affect the phenotype in separate, distinguishable ways. |
| complete dominance | The situation in which the phenotypes of the heterozygote and dominant homozygote are indistinguishable. |
| cystic fibrosis | A human genetic disorder caused by a recessive allele for a chloride channel protein; characterized by an excessive secretion of mucus and consequent vulnerability to infection; fatal if untreated. |
| dihybrid | An organism that is heterozygous with respect to two genes of interest. All the offspring from a cross between parents doubly homozygous |
| dihybrid cross | A cross between two organisms that are each heterozygous for both of the characters being followed (or the self-pollination of a plant that is heterozygous for both characters). |
| dominant allele | An allele that is fully expressed in the phenotype of a hete |
| epistasis | A type of gene interaction in which the phenotypic expression of one gene alters that of another independently inherited gene. |
| F1 generation | The first filial, hybrid (heterozygous) offspring arising from a parental (P generation) cross. |
| F2 generation | The offspring resulting from interbreeding (or self-pollination) of the hybrid F1 generation. |
| genotype | The genetic makeup, or set of alleles, of an organism. |
| heterozygote | An organism that has two different alleles for a gene (encoding a character). |
| heterozygous | Having two different alleles for a given gene. |
| homozygote | An organism that has a pair of identical alleles for a gene (encoding a character). |
| homozygous | Having two identical alleles for a given gene. |
| Huntington's disease | A human genetic disease caused by a dominant allele; characterized by uncontrollable body movements and degeneration of the nervous system; usually fatal 10 to 20 years after the onset of symptoms. |
| hybridization | the mating, or crossing, of two true-breeding varieties. |
| incomplete dominance | The situation in which the phenotype of heterozygotes is intermediate between the phenotypes of individuals homozygous for either allele. |
| law of independent assortment | each pair of alleles segregates, independently of each other pair during gamete formation; applies when genes for two characters are located on different pairs of homologous chromosomes |
| law of segregation | Mendel's first law, stating that the two alleles in a pair segregate (separate from each other) into different gametes during gamete formation. |
| monohybrid | An organism that is heterozygous with respect to a single gene of interest. All the offspring from a cross between parents homozygous for different alleles |
| monohybrid cross | A cross between two organisms that are heterozygous for the character being followed (or the self-pollination of a heterozygous plant). |
| multifactorial | Referring to a phenotypic character that is influenced by multiple genes and environmental factors. |
| multiplication rule | the probability of two or more independent events occurring together can be determined by multiplying their individual probabilities. |
| pedigree | A diagram of a family tree with conventional symbols, showing the occurrence of heritable characters in parents and offspring over multiple generations. |
| P generation | The true-breeding (homozygous) parent individuals from which F1 hybrid offspring are derived in studies of inheritance. |
| phenotype | The observable physical and physiological traits of an organism, which are determined by its genetic makeup. |
| pleiotropy | The ability of a single gene to have multiple effects. |
| polygenic inheritance | An additive effect of two or more genes on a single phenotypic character. |
| Punnett square | A diagram used in the study of inheritance to show the predicted genotypic results of random fertilization in genetic crosses between individuals of known genotype. |
| quantitative character | A heritable feature that varies continuously over a range rather than in an either-or fashion. |
| recessive allele | An allele whose phenotypic effect is not observed in a heterozygote. |
| sickle-cell disease | A recessively inherited human blood disorder in which a single nucleotide change in the β-globin gene causes hemoglobin to aggregate, changing red blood cell shape and causing multiple symptoms in afflicted individuals. |
| Tay-Sachs disease | caused by a recessive allele for a dysfunctional enzyme, leading to accumulation of certain lipids in the brain. Seizures, blindness, and degeneration of motor and mental performance usually become manifest a few months after birth |
| testcross | Breeding an organism of unknown genotype with a homozygous recessive individual to determine the unknown genotype. The ratio of phenotypes in the offspring reveals the unknown genotype. |
| trait | One of two or more detectable variants in a genetic character. |
| true-breeding | Referring to organisms that produce offspring of the same variety over many generations of self-pollination. |
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