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Biology - 5a
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What is a disease? | A condition where part of an organism does not function properly |
| What is health? | Health is the state of complete physical, mental and social well-being, and not merely the abscence of disease or infirmity. |
| What is a communicable disease? | Diseases which can be spread between individuals. They are caused by bacteria, viruses, parasites and fungi (contagious and infectious). Examples: TB / Malaria. |
| What is a non-communicable disease? | Diseases which cannot be spread between individuals. Long lasting a get slowly worse over time. Examples: Asthma / Cancer / Coronary Heart Disease. |
| What are (4 types of) Pathogens? | They are organisms which cause disease (communcable). Both plants and animals can be infected by pathogens. Viruses/ Bacteria / Protists / Fungi |
| What is bacteria? | Very small cells which reproduce rapidly inside your body. Produce toxins, damaging cells and tissue. |
| What are viruses? | They are not cells and reproduce radpidly inside our body. They live inside your cells and replicate using the cells. The cell will then burst, releasing more viruses. |
| What are Protists? | Eukaryotic. Some are parasites and transferred via a vector. |
| What are fungi? | Some are single-celled. Some have hyphae whoch can penetrate human skin and plant surfaces. Hyphae can produce spores, spreading to other plants and animals. |
| How can pathogens be spread? | Picked up by drinking dirty water. Can be airborne and breathed in. Can be picked up through infected bodily fluids. Can be transmitted by organisms known as vectors. Can be consumed in contaminated food. |
| Name 3 bacterial diseases and their bacterium? | Tuberculosis (Myobacterium tuberculosis). Cholera (Vibrio choleras). Stomach Ulcers (Helicobacter pylori) |
| What is Tuberculosis? | Symptoms include coughing and lung damage. Bacterium ia spread througb air droplets when infected indiciduals cough/sneeze. TB can be reduced: good ventilation / infected people avoid large crowds / practice good hygiene. |
| What is Cholera? | Symptoms of diarrhoea. Can lead to dehydration and death. Pathogen spread by contaminated water sources. Can be reduced by making sure people have clean water supplies. |
| What are Stomach Ulcers? | Can cause inflammation of stomach lining meaning stomach acid can penetrate the lining, creating a hole (Ulcers) exposing the tissue underneath. Symptoms are stomach pain, nausea and vomiting. |
| How are stomach ulcers spread and how can they be prevented? | Spread through oral transmissions so having clean water supplies can help prevent. Have hygienic living conditions (disinfecting food) |
| What are 2 viral infections? | Ebola (Ebola Virus). HIV (Human Immunodefiency Virus) |
| What is Ebola? | Virus spread by contact with bodily fluids of an infected person. Can cause haemorrhaging fever (bleeding internally or from eyes, mouth and nose. |
| How can Ebola be prevented? | Isolating infected individuals and sterilising where the virus may be present. Ensure medical staff wash their hands and wear protective clothing. |
| Name 2 fungal and protist diseases? | Chalara Ash Dieback (fungus). Malaria (Protist) |
| What is Chalara Ash Dieback? | Fungus infects ash trees with symptoms of loss of leaves and bark lesions. Can kill the tree directly or by weakening it so it can’t fight off other diseases. |
| How is Chalara Ash Dieback spread and prevented. | Fungus is carried through the air by wind. Can be spread by infected ash trees being moved to different areas. Removing young infected trees and replanting a different species / restrictions on imports of ash trees can reduce spread of disease. |
| What is Malaria? | Mosquitos are vectors of the protist causing Malaria.they pick the protists when feeding on infected animals but don’t get the disease themselves. Mosquito inserts the protists into animals’ blood vessels. |
| What are the symptoms of Malaria and how can It be prevented? | Causes repeated Fever, damage red blood cells and sometimes the liver. Can be stopped by preventing mosquitos breeding, sleeping under a mosquito net, spraying insect repellent. |
| Name 2 STI’s and their pathogens? | Chlamydia (bacterium). HIV (Virus). |
| What is Chlamydia? | Can only replicate in host cells. Can cause infertility. Can be passed from a woman too her child. Reduce spread by: wearing condom. There are no symptoms so screening can help with early detection. |
| What is HIV? | Attacks white blood cells. Could experience flu like symptoms or none for many years. Can he controlled with antiretroviral drugs, which stops the virus replicating. |
| What are AIDS? | Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome is caused when HIV destroys enough white blood cells. This means the person becomes very vulnerable to infections by other pathogens like the flu. |
| How can you reduce the spread of HIV and how is it spread? | Spread by exchanging certain infected bodily fluids. Reduce risk by wearing condoms and drug users not sharing needles. Medication and screening also helps people passing on the disease. |
| What are viruses? | They are not cells and are just a protein coat around a strand of genetic material. They have to infect living cells in order to reproduce. |
| Explain (steps 1 and 2 of) the Lytic cycle? | (1)Virus attaches itself to a host cell and injects its genetic material. (2)The virus uses protein and enzymes in the host cell to replicate its genetic material and produce components of the new virus. |
| Explain (steps 3 and 4 of) the Lytic cycle? | (3)Once all the viral components are produced, they assemble and form a new virus. (4)The host cell splits open, releasing new viruses which infect more cells. |
| Explain (steps 1 and 2 of) the Lysogenic cycle? | (1)The virus attaches itself to a specific host cell and injects it’s genetic material into the cell. (2)The genetic material injected by the virus is incorporated into the genome (DNA) of the host cell. |
| Explain (steps 3 and 4 of) the Lysogenic cycle? | (3)The viral genetic material gets replicated along with the host DNA every time the host cell divides. The virus is dormant and no new ones are made. (4)Eventually a trigger (such as a chemical) causes the viral genetic material to leave the genome and e |
| What are the physical defences of a plant? | Waxy cuticle - stop pathogens from entering or pests damaging them. Also stops water collection so prevents pathogens transferred by water. Cell wall - Made of cellulose that form a physical barrier against pathogens past the waxy cuticle. |
| What are chemical defences of plants? | Some plants produce antiseptics which kill bacteria and fungal pathogens. Others produce poison, deterring pests from eating them. |
Created by:
Rscythe
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