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BIO Test 1
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Plants make up their own _____. | Organic molecules (amino acids, polysaccharides. fats. etc) |
| What is a substance that is metabolized by or incorporated into an organism? | Nutrient |
| What is the biggest advantage of having a complete digestive tract? | specialized compartments can have different conditions |
| As a red blood cell leaves the foot moving to the heart, it is carrying _________ gas. It travels through the Inferior Vena Cava, into the ____________ of the heart, then into the _____________ before heading to the lungs via the _______________. | Carbon dioxide, right atruim, right ventricle, pulmonary artery. |
| Which of these hormones directly stimulates gene transcription once it passes into the cytoplasm of a target cell? | Estrogen |
| How do the lungs take in air? | The intercostal muscles contract to pull on the ribs and expand the chest cavity The diaphragm moves down as it contracts |
| What helps move water out of the kidney filtrate as it passes through the descending Loop of Henle? | high salt content of medulla interstitial fluid |
| What is an adaptation that cattle have to help digest cellulose in plant material? | multi-chambered stomach with symbiotic bacteria |
| Which of these nutrients CANNOT be absorbed directly through the intestinal epithelium, through interstitial fluid, and directly into capillaries? | lipids |
| In what part of the kidney nephron is the filtrate first removed from the blood plasma? | glomerulus |
| How does lung surfactant help maintain human respiratory function? | reduces surface tension in alveoli |
| What resource are carnivorous pitcher plants gaining from the digestion of insects? | inorganic minerals |
| What characteristics describe phloem sap? | travel from sugar source to sugar sink High in sucrose |
| What cellular process creates carbon dioxide byproduct that living things need to transport out of their cells? | The citric acid cycle |
| What is an advantage to breathing air instead of water? | higher concentration of oxygen |
| What form of nitrogenous waste do fish excrete? | Ammonia |
| You eat a cheese burger for lunch, which of these enzymes will break down the protein in the meat patty in the small intestine into small peptides that can be cleaved into amino acids by the brush border proteases? | Trypsin |
| The digestion of fats finishes in the ______________ where ______________ breaks up fat into smaller molecules so that there is a greater surface area for ___________ to get access to the lipid molecules to break up chemical bonds | small intestine, bile, pancreatic lipase |
| which of these is the hormone secreted by the hypothalamus to create the cascade of hormone release in the pituitary which in turn controls hormone production in the ovaries? | gonadotropin |
| Which helps red blood cells offload oxygen in the systemic capillary beds? | Acidic conditions in the interstitial fluid that change the shape of hemoglobin |
| In research related to the invention of Gatoraid discussed in the book, what did Cade et al. hypothesize was the best way to maintain osmotic balance during exercise? | drink a solution resembling sweat |
| After a large meal what enzyme does the pancreas secrete related to blood glucose levels, and what does it do return glucose levels to normal? | insulin to draw glucose out of the blood and into muscle and fat cells |
| Which is a material that is NOT transported by the hemolymph in insects? | carbon dioxide |
| which substance is carried by the blood plasma, but never leaves the capillary? | Albumin |
| During the fight or flight response epinephrine can cause blood vessels in the muscle to dilate, while also causing vessels in the digestive tract to contract, how is this possible? | Activating different cell receptors for the same hormone |
| Which is a characteristic NOT shared between animals with closed and open circulatory systems? | Capillary beds |
| Which is TRUE about freshwater fish osmoregulation? | have special ion pumps to take up ions from water through gills |
| What do plants need for photosynthesis? | sunlight, water, carbon dioxide |
| The nongreen heterotrophic plant Monotropa uniflora lacks photosynthetic capacity and therefore must absorb organic compounds for use as an energy source. | Indian Pipe |
| 90% of plant weight | water |
| maintain hydrostatic pressure in plant cells | vacuoles |
| Plants derive their organic mass from the___________ of air | Carbon Dioxide |
| More CO2= | more growth |
| Mixture of inorganic (rock, metals, gas, water) and organic substances (organisms, molecules). | soil |
| most organic matter layer of soil | topsoil |
| layer of soil base that is mostly organic | subsoil |
| pull mineral up into the higher layers of soil | roots |
| the thickness of the soil depends on the type of _______________ | ecosystem |
| What are the components of an ideal soil? | highly organic matter, sand particles, clay particles |
| can be a limiting nutrient for plant growth, but plants can't convert it to an organic form they need | nitrogen |
| Various soil bacteria (some that are symbiotic) transform nitrogen in the nitrogen cycle into _______ and ________ | ammonia, nitrates |
| benefits from a steady supply of sugar from the host plant | fungus |
| may produce plant hormones that affect root structure, help tolerate stress, or provide plants with nutrients | soil bacteria |
| contains axon terminals from hypothalamic neurons that store and secrete two hormones. | pituitary gland |
| plants suspended over water mineral solution | hydroponic farming |
| minerals taken up from soil | O2, H20 |
| increase speed of H2O uptake | aquaporins |
| occurs with the concentration gradient. Channels and transporters facilitate the movement of solutes across plasma and vacuole membranes | facilitated diffusion of |
| occurs against the concentration gradient. Proton pumps establish proton gradients across plasma and vacuole membranes. | active transport |
| hydrostatic pressure required to stop the net flow of water across a plasma membrane due to osmosis | turgor pressure |
| cell in which the plasma membrane presses tightly against the cell wall | turgid cell |
| cell in which so much cell water has been lost by osmosis that the plasma membrane contorts away from the wall | plasmolyzed cell |
| cell in which the plasma membrane does not press tightly against the cell wall | flaccid cell |
| prevents harmful solutes (such as toxic metal ions) from being transported to the shoot | endodermis |
| When the water + minerals enter the conducting cell, the solution is called | xylem sap |
| a set of connected, hollow tubes (dead, empty cells); water moves from higher to lower water potential; doesn't require energy | xylem |
| benefits because the fungus increases the surface area for water uptake and mineral absorption | host plant |
| close when the plant is starting to dry and guard cells get flaccid (floppy) | stomata |
| open to allow gas exchange, including water through transpiration | stomata |
| intentionally dropping leaves to prevent water loss, xylem embolism | leaf absorbtion |
| high in sucrose; travels from source to sink, in either direction. | phloem sap |
| produces sucrose (leaves) | sugar source |
| consumes sucrose(tuber, root or bulb) | sugar sink |
| can be a sink in summer and source in winter | storage organ |
| sugar loading into phloem causes water to enter by bulk flow from | adjacent xylem |
| Water entry ____________ pressure, causing sap to flow | increases |
| Accumulation of sugar in sink cells __________ the solute concentration of phloem, resulting in bulk water flow into adjacent xylem. Upward flow of water in the xylem occurs by _______________. | reduce, transport |
| any substance needed for survival, growth, development, tissue repair, or reproduction | nutrient |
| An animal's diet provides... | organic raw materials, minerals, and water |
| What are the cells and extracellular material from living things? | proteins, lipids, carbs, nucleic acids, water, and minerals |
| We are also consuming oil, microbes, and toxins, known as? | contaminants |
| not made by animal but obtained in the diet. These differ in various heterotrophs. | essential nutrients |
| fat soluble vitamins | vitamins A, D, E, K |
| Water soluble vitamins | vitamins B1, B2, B3, B5, B6, B7, B9, B12, C |
| Digestion is _____________ in complex animals, ____________ in sponges, single celled organisms | extracellular, intracellular |
| can only eat tiny particles, no food storage, low energy | phagocytosis |
| Cnidarians and flatworms have a _____________ digestive tract | incomplete |
| both digestion and distribution of nutrients. | gastrovascular cavity |
| Disadvantage of an incomplete digestive tract | slow absorbtion |
| Advantage of an incomplete digestive tract | protect cells from enzymes, allows to eat large items |
| complex animals have a ____________ digestive tract. | complete |
| Tube with two openings: mouth and anus- alimentary canal; have specialized areas and storage organ; Food moves one way by peristalsis. | complete digestive tract |
| tube open to the outside | GI tract |
| lined with epithelial and glandular cells that secrete enzymes, hormones, acid; secretory cell that releases mucus | lumen |
| Accessory organs of GI tract? | salivary glands, gall bladder, liver, pancreas |
| deliver saliva to lubricate food, kill some bacteria | salivary glands |
| stores food and secretes gastric juice, which converts a meal to acidic chyme | stomach |
| made up of HCl and the protease pepsin | gastric juice |
| protects epithelium | mucus |
| secrete H and Cl ions separately | parietal cells |
| secrete inactive pepsinogen, activated to pepsin when mixed with HCl in the stomach | chief cells |
| What are the jobs of HCl? | ◦Kills bacteria ingested with food ◦Activates pepsinogen to pepsin ◦Denatures proteins |
| Most digestion occurs in the _______ of the small intestine | duodenum |
| jejunum and ileum function mainly in ____________ of nutrients and water | absorbtion |
| releases NaCO3 buffers to neutralize acidic chyme; releases pancreatic enzymes that break large polymers into smaller | pancreas |
| Epithelial lining of the duodenum, the ______________, produces several digestive enzymes | brush border |
| Polysaccharides are digested to disaccharides by ___________________; enzymes on the apical surface of the small intestine epithelial cells digest disaccharides into ___________________ | pancreatic amylase, monosaccharides |
| absorbed into the cells by facilitated diffusion or by secondary active transport with Na+ | monosaccharides |
| The absorbed monosaccharides leave the epithelial cells by ____________________ and enter the bloodstream which distributes them throughout the body | facilitated diffusion |
| __________________ secreted by the pancreas is converted to trypsin by the enzyme _______________________________ | trypsinogen, enteropeptidase |
| cleave proteins into smaller polypeptides | trypsin and other proteases |
| _______________on the luminal surface of epithelial cells cleave polypeptides into _________________ | proteases, amino acids |
| absorbed by secondary active transport and facilitated diffusion | amino acids |
| Fats are.... | not water soluble |
| ◦Contains cholesterol, acid, phospholipids, bilirubin and salts ◦Emulsifies large fat droplets into smaller ones, giving greater surface area on which lipases can act ◦CONTAINS NO ENZYMES | bile |
| increase surface area about 30-fold | villi |
| Most small molecules will cross the cell membrane at the intestinal epithelium, then exit the basal surface, enter bloodstream. Like...... | nutrient monomers, vitamins, minerals |
| Each villus contains a network of blood vessels and a small lymphatic vessel called a | lacteal |
| After glycerol and fatty acids are absorbed by epithelial cells, they are recombined into | fats |
| Fats are mixed with cholesterol and coated with protein, forming complexes called | chylomicrons |
| are transported into lacteals and lymph to join general circulation | chylomicrons |
| pass through the epithelium of the small intestine by secondary active transport (cotransporters), then enter the interstitial fluid, then the bloodstream | amino acids and monosaccharides |
| control muscle contraction, glandular activity in the alimentary canal | neurons |
| hormones that travel in the blood and act on various organs | gastrin, secretin, and CCK |
| produced by stomach and duodenum upon stimulation by partially digested protein or by vagus nerve when stomach is distended | gastrin |
| ONLY secreted when the respective foods are in GI tract. | digestive enzymes and bile |
| take up excess glucose and other nutrients in response to hormones | hepatocytes |
| when blood levels drop, hormones (e.g., glucagon) signal the liver to break down glycogen and secrete the ______________ into circulation | monomers |
| The __________________ of the large intestine aids in the fermentation of plant material and connects the small and large intestines | cecum |
| A major function of the colon is... | to recover water |
| acidic stomach contents moving into esophagus | heartburn |
| erosion of alimentary canal | ulcers |
| hard to digest | plants |
| easy to digest | meat |
| dilation of the esophagus that stores and soften food for a bird | crop |
| initiates digestion with sight of food | brain |
| Why is diarrhea dangerous? | loss of fluids to hyponatremia, Sodium is needed for normal cell function |
| glandular stomach for a bird | proventruculus |
| contains grit to grind food for a bird | gizzard |
| have longer alimentary canals to digest food, have outpockets, rumen and enlarged cecum, for additional digestion time | herbivores |
| have fermentation chambers where symbiotic microorganisms digest cellulose | herbivors |
| What do both open and closed circulatory systems have in common? | circulatory fluid, set of tubes, muscular pump, and oxygen carrying pigments |
| What do bugs have for blood? | hemolymph (interstitial fluid and transport fluid mixed) |
| takes less energy, can adapt to changing needs | open circulation |
| more energetically expensive, but can be selectively delivered | closed circulation |
| In closed circulation blood... | stays within vessel |
| Fish have _______ circulation: blood only goes through heart ONCE on path to gills, then body | single |
| oxygenated = | red |
| deoxygenated = | blue |
| carry blood away from the heart. | arteries |
| converge into veins and return blood from capillaries to the heart | venules |
| Respiratory surfaces function best when the blood flows through them at a low pressure | single circulation |
| loop to and from tissues, higher pressure | systemic circuit |
| loop to and from lungs, lower pressure | pulmonary circuit |
| Major advantage of double circulation..... | two different blood pressures in two different systems |
| A gradient of __________ is required for the ventricle to form two chambers and a complete double circulation | Tbx5 |
| _____________ contractions initiated by electrical impulses of own tissue | myogenic heart |
| the heart muscles relax | distole |
| the heart contracts | systole |
| nervous tissue that times heartbeats; causes atria to contract | sinoatrial (SA) node |
| signal the ventricles to contract. | atrioventricular (AV) node |
| composition of blood includes.... | nutrients, proteins, gases, hormones, antibodies, electrolytes, clotting factors and other molecules |
| branch into arterioles and carry blood to capillaries, which is true site of gas exchange. | arteries |
| forms a meshwork that traps red blood cells and platelets, forming a clot that seals the wound | fibrin |
| In the ______________ veins, blood flows back to the heart under low pressure. | thinner-walled |
| pushes fluid out of blood at the arteriole end | hydrostatic pressure |
| constant throughout the capillary, pulls fluid back in at the venule end | osmotic pressure |
| Velocity of blood flow is slowest in the _______________ (necessary for exchange of materials) | capillary beds |
| capillaries found in fat, muscle, and nervous system | continuous capillaries |
| capillaries found in interstitial villi, endocrine glands, kidney glomeruli | fenestrated capillaries |
| capillaries found in the liver, bone marrow, and spleen | discontinuous capillaries |
| send pressure information to brain | baroreceptors |
| In _____________________ blood can be routed to areas as needed for O2 and nutrients (exercise, cold) or avoid bleeding out | closed circulatory systems |
| coronary arteries become blocked, heart muscle cells quickly die | myocardial infarction, heart attack |
| Process of moving CO_2 and O_2 in between the environment, bodily fluids, and cells | gas exchange |
| Where exactly is CO2 made? | citric acid cycle |
| overall exchange of gases between the atmosphere, body fluids and cells. In large animals consists of ventilation, external respiration (lungs to blood) and internal respiration (blood to cells) | respiration |
| active exchange of gas between respiratory organ and source of gas (water or air) | ventilation |
| Atmospheric pressure ___________ as we move up in altitude | decreases |
| _______________= more dissolved | higher pressures, colder water temperatures |
| Many invertebrates with open circulatory system use ____________ as an oxygen-carrying pigment | hemocyanin (copper based) |
| can breath air on land, breathe through skin underwater | amphibians |
| Respiratory systems can be based on exchange by.... | body surface, gills, tracheae, lungs, or combination |
| For insects tiny openings called _____________ on the body surface lead to tracheae that branch into tracheoles terminating near every body cell | spiricles |
| outfoldings of the body that create a large surface area for gas exchange. | gills |
| Disadvantages of breathing water.... | ◦Less O2 in water, dependent on temperature ◦possible ion loss ◦Water is denser medium, hard to move ◦Respiratory surface is buoyed in water |
| Disadvantage of breathing air.... | ◦High risk of dehydration ◦Respiratory surface must be stiffened to prevent collapse |
| An amphibian ventilates its lungs by ___________________________, which forces air down the trachea | positive pressure breathing |
| Mammals ventilates its lungs by __________________________, which pulls air into the lungs | negative pressure breathing |
| develops when the thoracic volume increases by contraction of the intercostal (rib) muscles and diaphragm | negative pressure |
| rely on surfactant to stay inflated | alveoli |
| A fluid secreted by the cells of the alveoli (the tiny air sacs in the lungs) that serves to reduce the surface tension of pulmonary fluids | surfactant |
| has iron Fe^(2+) cofactor; Gives blood a red color when oxygen is bound; 4 polypeptide subunits, each has a heme unit with one iron atom; binds up to 4 oxygen molec | hemoglobin |
| copper Cu^(2+) cofactor; Decapod crustaceans, arachnids, and many mollusks; Gives a bluish tint. Is not within cells | hemocyanin |
| High CO2 makes plasma acidic, which changes shape of Hb and reduces affinity for O2. This makes it easier to offload O2 into tissues that need it. This is called the _______________ | Bohr effect |
| __________________ unload hemoglobin more readily at any given temperature | smaller animals |
| Detect concentration of O2, CO2, and H ions (blood pH); Cause ventilation to increase if O2 getting low or CO2 or H getting high | chemoreceptors |
| a severe hereditary form of anemia in which a mutated form of hemoglobin distorts the red blood cells into a crescent shape at low oxygen levels | sickle-cell anemia |
| ______________ plants can store waste as different oils, gums, saps, chemicals | terrestrial |
| What are the major routes of water loss in mammals? | urine, feces, breathing, sweat, milk production |
| maintain stable internal salt concentrations and osmolarities. They drink or excrete as needed to maintain ~300 mOsm/L ◦All terrestrial animals, freshwater, and many marine ◦Requires lots of energy | osmoregulators |
| match osmolarity of blood and other fluids to seawater ~1000 mOsm/L, body fluids isoosmotic •Most marine invertebrates and some vertebrates •Less tendency to gain or lose water •Expends less energy, but restricting to marine | osmocomformers |
| Gain water and lose salt across gills; Kidneys produce copious dilute urine; Specialized gill epithelial cells transport Na^+and Cl^- from water into fish's capillaries | freshwater fish |
| Gain salts and lose water across gills; Produce very little urine; Drink seawater to replace water lost; Use energy to secrete salt through gill epithelial cells | marine fish |
| live in water less concentrated than body fluid; large volume of urine; urine less concentrated than body fluids | freshwater fish |
| live in water more concentrated than body fluids; small volume of urine; urine is slightly less concentrated than body fluids | marine bony fish |
| moderate volume of urine; urine is more concentrated than body fluids | terrestrial vertebrate (humans) |
| have salty diets and must actively pump out salt through nasal glands | marine birds |
| generates ammonia (NH4) | deamination (removal of -NH2 group) |
| Ammonia (NH3) and ammonium ions (NH4+) as nitrogenous waste | aquatic animals |
| energy required for aquatic animals nitrogenous waste | none |
| Amount of water required for excretion of aquatic animals nitrogenous waste | high |
| Toxicity of aquatic animals nitrogenous waste | high |
| Urea as nitrogenous waste | mammals |
| energy required for mammals nitrogenous waste | moderate |
| Amount of water required for excretion of mammals nitrogenous waste | moderate |
| Toxicity of mammals nitrogenous waste | low |
| Uric acid as nitrogenous waste | birds, insects, and most reptiles |
| energy required for birds, insects, & most reptiles nitrogenous waste | high |
| Amount of water required for excretion of birds, insects, & most reptiles nitrogenous waste | low |
| Toxicity of birds, insects, & most reptiles nitrogenous waste | low |
| Many small solutes and water are filtered from the body fluids and enter the lumen of an excretory tubule. | filtration |
| Useful solutes and much of the water are transported across the epithelial cell layer of the tubule and return to the body fluids. | reabsorption |
| Additional unwanted solutes are actively removed from the body fluids and enter the lumen of the excretory tubule | secretion |
| A portion of the filtrate, including wastes, gets excreted as urine | excretion |
| carry out osmoregulation (not excretion) in flatworms, rotifers, some annelids. It is a network of dead-end tubules that collect interstitial fluid, reabsorb solutes, and excrete a dilute urine through nephridopor | protonphridia |
| consist of tubules that collect coelomic fluid and produce dilute urine for excretion. Found in annelids. Carries out osmoregulation AND excretion; associated with closed circulation; like a nephron in each segment | metanaphridia |
| Found in terrestrial arthropods. Remove nitrogenous wastes, some ions from hemolymph with active transport but are not associated with circulatory system | Malpighian tubules |
| vertebrates, excretes N waste and osmoregulates Two kidneys, filter by hydrostatic pressure Urine flows from kidneys through ureters into urinary bladder Urine eliminated via the urethra | urinary system |
| primary site of blood filtration in the kidney | renal cortex |
| filtrate is concentrated to urine in the kidney | renal medulla |
| Cortical nephrons are only found in the ___________ of the kidney | cortex |
| What is urine? | nitrogenous waste |
| the filtration unit of the kidney: 106 per kidney | nephron |
| Afferent = | incoming |
| Efferent = | outgoing |
| cluster of interconnected fenestrated capillaries that are supplied by an afferent arteriole and drained by an efferent arteriole. | glomerulus |
| around glomerulus captures filtrate that enters nephron | Bowman's capsule |
| Making filtrate from the blood plasma happens in the... | renal corpuscle |
| have filtration slits that allow the passage of small solutes out of the glomerular capillaries but are a barrier to prevent the movement of large solutes like proteins from leaving blood | podocytes |
| High hydrostatic pressure forces fluid from the blood into the lumen of Bowman's capsule. | filtration |
| rate of filtered production | glomerular filtration rate (GFR) |
| •Toxic solutes or those not required diffuse out of peritubular capillaries and are actively transported into lumen of proximal tubule •Excreted in urine •Drugs - example: penicillin •Toxins *Excess K+ and H+ ions | excretion in the proximal tubule |
| *enhanced by microvilli(brush border) *reabsorbed soultes and water returned to blood * glucose, amino acids, Ca2+, Na+, K+, Cl-, HCO- | reabsorption in the proximal tubule |
| Pumps in the ascending loop pump out _______; This creates a salt gradient that maximizes water removal from filtrate by countercurrent strategy | NaCl |
| regulates the K+ and NaCl concentrations of body fluids | secretion of the distal tubule |
| _________________ is produced by the adrenal glands. It stimulates Na+/K+ pump; water in filtrate follows Na^+ by osmosis into the blood; this raises blood volume, thus blood pressure, stimulated when blood Na levels drop | aldosterone |
| from pituitary reduces diuresis (urine production) | anti-diuretic hormone (ADH) |
| works by increasing the number of aquaporins in collecting duct (by exocytosis), causing more water to be reabsorbed from urine into blood, which raises blood volume and thus blood pressure | ADH |
| Process in which small solutes diffuse out of patient's blood into solution in dialyzer until equilibrium is reached; artificial countercurrent exchange system gives efficiency | hemodialysis |
| chemical signals produced by cells in organs or specialized glands, that circulate in the bloodstream and act on one or more target tissues to cause many effects throughout the body | hormones |
| What are the three chemical classes of hormones? | amines, polypeptides, and steroids |
| Makes insulin (decreases blood glucose) and glucagon (increases blood glucose) | pancreas |
| secretes several neurohormones that stimulate or inhibit anterior pituitary function. | hypothalamus |
| makes TH, which regulates metabolic rate, growth, and differentiation | thyroid gland |
| produces epinephrine and norepinephrine in the medulla; produces glucocorticoids (steroid) and mineralocorticoids (steroid) in the cortex | adrenal gland |
| raise blood glucose level; increase metabolic activities; constrict certain blood vessels | epinephrine and norepinephrine |
| support sperm formation; promote development and maintenance of male secondary sex characteristics | androgen (steroid) |
| stimulate uterine lining growth; promote development and maintenance of female; secondary sex characteristic | estrogen (steroid) |
| Promote uterine lining growth | progesterone (steroid) |
| involved in biological rhythms | melatonin (amine) |
| synthesized and secreted at a steady rate or in a circadian rhythm in an unstimulated cell | protein and polypeptide hormones |
| made on demand with no significant storage | steroid hormones |
| are generally water-soluble •Not able to cross plasma membranes •Must use proper receptors on the cell surface Elicit fast responses | amine and polypeptide hormones |
| are lipid-soluble •Diffuse across plasma membranes and access receptors in either the cytosol or nucleus | steroid hormones |
| Three major signaling pathways | cyclic AMP, diacylglycerol and inositol triphosphate, and receptor tyrosine kinases |
| hormone-receptor complex is transcriptional activator for particular genes, increasing the amount of gene product One hormone can exert a variety of actions throughout the body •Can influence a number of genes within a single cell or in different cells | steroid hormones |
| Secretion of several hormones controlled by negative feedback loops: 1.Hypothalamus secretes ______ 2.Causes Pituitary to secrete ______ 3.Causes Thyroid to secrete ____ 4.Causes Hypothalamus to stop secreting _____ | TRH, TSH, T3, TRH |
| endocrine and exocrine organ. Exocrine cells make digestive enzymes for lumen. Endocrine cells make insulin and glucagon. | pancreas |
| ◦Immune system has mistakenly destroyed beta cells ◦Glucose accumulates to high level in blood ◦Treated by administration of insulin | type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) |
| ◦Cells of the body lose much of their ability to respond to insulin ◦Associated with obesity | type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) |
| a collection of several nuclei at the base of the brain | hypothalamus |
| 2 things that connect hypothalamus and pituitary | infundibular stalk and portal veins |
| oxytocin and ADH are produced by what gland | posterior pituitary gland |
| GH, Prolactin, FSH, LH, TSH, ACTH are produced by what gland | anterior pituitary gland |
| T3 and T4, calcitonin are produced by what gland | thyroid gland |
| parathyroid hormone (PTH) is produced by what gland | parathyroid gland |
| lowers blood calcium levels | calacitronin |
| raises blood calcium levels (goes from bone to blood) | parathyroid hormone (PTH) |
| Thyroid requires _______ to produce T3 hormone | iodine |
| leads to lack of hormone, overproduction of TSH, swollen thyroid, (goiter) | iodine deficiency |
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Mckennaflettrich
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