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LarsonSci7
Heredity Genetics vocab
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| DNA | Deoxyribonucleic acid; a molecule that contains genetic information for how an organism is made and works (functions). |
| Monomer | A molecule that can be attached to other identical molecules to form a polymer. |
| Polymer | A large molecule that is made from smaller, repeating molecules (or sub units) |
| Molecule | 2 or more atoms that are connected by chemical bonds |
| Nucleic Acid | A long chain-like molecule that is made up of smaller molecules called nucleotides |
| Nucleotides | A larger molecule that has a sugar molecule, attached to a phosphate and a nitrogen containing base. The nitrogen bases are adenine, thymine, guanine and cytosine in DNA. In RNA, instead of thymine they have uracil. |
| Chargaff's Rules | Adenine bonds with thymine, and cytosine bonds with guanine, which means that in DNA, the amount of adenine and thymine are the same, and cytosine and guanine are the same. |
| Hydrogen bond | A connection or bond that happens between a positive and a negative charge that uses a hydrogen atom as the positive side and another atom that's the negative side |
| Double Helix | The twisted ladder shape of DNA |
| Heredity | The passing of genetic traits from parents to offspring |
| Mitosis | The process cells use to take one mother cell and create two daughter cells; allows for growth and repair |
| RNA | Ribonucleic acid, a molecule that is present in all living cells and that plays a role in making proteins |
| Ribosome | A cell organelle that does not have a membrane, is made of RNA and protein, and makes proteins |
| Mutations | A change in the nucelotide-base sequence of a gene or DNA molecule |
| Dominant trait | The trait observed in the first generation when parents that have different traits are bred |
| Recessive trait | A recessive trait is a trait that is expressed when an organism has two recessive alleles, or forms of a gene. |
| Genes | The basic unit of heredity passed from parent to child. Genes are made up of sequences of DNA and are arranged, one after another, at specific locations on chromosomes in the nucleus of cells. |
| Alleles | matching genes; one from our biological mother, one from our biological father. We have two copies of every gene |
| Genotype | the genetic makeup of an individual cell or organism that determines or contributes to its phenotype |
| Phenotype | How the genotype is shown, or expressed in an organism. Example: color of eyes, hair; shape |
| Probability | How likely something is to happen |
| Chromosome | threadlike structures made of protein and a single molecule of DNA that serve to carry the genomic information from cell to cell. In plants and animals (including humans), chromosomes reside in the nucleus of cells. |
| Homologous Chromosome | Chromosomes that have the same sequence of genes and the same structure |
| Sex Chromosomes | One of the pair of chromosomes that determine the sex of an individual |
| Pedigree | A diagram that shows the occurrence of a genetic trait in several generations of a family |
| Punnett square | a table that shows all of the possible genotypes and phenotypes that 2 parents could pass along to their children |
| Amino Acids | The building blocks of proteins. A set of 3 bases from DNA make up the code for one amino acid. |
| Incomplete Dominance | In heterozygous organisms, the two traits are blended, giving us a third phenotpye. For example, a red flower and a white flower can produce pink flowers (a third phenotype) |
| Co-Dominance | Both genes or alleles are expressed or seen. For example, if White and Black feathers were codominant, a hybrid would have both black and white feathers |
| Purebred | Both alleles or genes are the exact same (either RR or rr as an example). Same as homozygous. |
| Hybred | Each allele or gene is different. Same as Heterozygous |
| Homozygous | Both alleles or genes are the exact same (either RR or rr as an example) |
| Heterozygous | Each allele or gene is different |
| Sex Linked Trait | A trait that is controlled by a gene or an allele on the X or Y chromosome |
| Carrier | An organism that has a recessive allele or gene but doesn't show the trait (shows the dominant trait) |
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maplelakesped
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