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BIO Exam 1
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| biology | the scientific study of life |
| cell | the smallest unit of life that can function independently and perform all the necessary functions of life, including reproducing itself |
| DNA | the chemical material of genes, the units of heredity |
| energy | a source of building materials (matter) for growth, maintenance repair |
| other characteristics of living organisms | order and organization, regulation, growth and development, response to the environment, reproduction, and evolution |
| hypothesis | a proposed explanation for observed phenomena |
| independent variable | the one being suggested as a 'cause', you manipulate this in your experiment |
| dependent variable | the one where the 'effect' can be seen, changes that occur in this variable are caused by the changes to the independent variable |
| parts of an experiment | observation, hypothesis, prediction, critical experiment, data, results |
| matter | anything that occupies space and has mass |
| states of matter | solid, liquid, gas |
| naturally occurring elements | 92 |
| essential elements to life | 25 |
| elements that make up 96% of human body | carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen |
| elements that's 65% of human body | oxygen |
| atom | the smallest unit of matter that still retains the properties of an element |
| protons | part of the atomic nucleus and have a positive charge |
| neutrons | part of the atomic nucleus and have a neutral charge |
| electrons | move around the nucleus in shells and have a negative charge |
| atomic number | each element's unique number of protons in its atoms |
| atomic mass | the number of protons plus the number of neutrons |
| 2 electrons | the first shell can hold |
| 8 electrons | the second shell can hold |
| chemical bonds | the result of atoms giving up or acquiring electrons in order to complete their outer shells |
| molecules | atoms held together by bonds |
| compound | when a molecule contains more than one different type of atom |
| ions | charged atoms. created by an atom losing or gaining electrons |
| ionic bond | the attraction between the opposite charges of the two ions |
| covalent bonds | when two atoms share one or more pairs of outer-shell electrons |
| nonpolar covalent bond | atoms share the electrons equally |
| polar covalent bonds | atoms share the electrons unequally |
| hydrogen bond | an electrical attraction between oppositely charged regions of separate polar molecules |
| strength of bonds - strongest to weakest | covalent bond, ionic bond, hydrogen bond |
| cohesion | when water molecules stick together as a result of hydrogen bonding. it's vital for water transport in plants |
| solution | a liquid is a liquid consisting of two or more substances mixed |
| solvent | the dissolving agent |
| solute | the dissolved substance |
| simple sugars (monosaccharides) | the simplest carbohydrates. ex. glucose, fructose |
| disaccharides | constructed from two monosaccharides |
| polysaccharides | complex carbohydrates. long chains of glucose. ex. starch, glycogen, cellulose |
| triglyceride | a combination of glycerol and three fatty acids |
| essential functions of fats | energy storage, cushioning, insulation |
| unsaturated fatty acids | contain carbon-carbon double bonds, healthier |
| saturated fatty acids | no double bonds between carbon atoms, not healthy |
| waxes | form waterproof covering of many plant surfaces and many insects |
| cholesterol | precursor of steroid hormones, component of cell membranes |
| phospholipids | the primary component of cell membranes |
| proteins | composed of long chains of amino acids, constructed from a common set of 20 kinds of amino acids |
| functions of proteins | structural, protective, transport, contractile, regulatory |
| denaturation | when unfavorable temperature and PH changes can cause a protein to unravel and lose its shape and function |
| nucleic acids | information storage molecules, provide directions for building proteins |
| complementary base pairing | A only bonds with T, C only bonds with G |
| single-cell organisms | bacteria and protists |
| multicellular organisms | plants, animals, and most fungi |
| prokaryotic cells | bacteria and archaea. small, no membranous organelles, no nucleus |
| eukaryotic cells | large, have membranous organelles, have a nucleus |
| plasma membrane | separates the living cell from its nonliving surroundings |
| functions of membrane proteins | receptor, recognition, transport, enzymatic |
| nucleus | isolates the DNA from dangerous reactions in the cytoplasm and controls access to DNA |
| smooth ER | a collection of interconnected membrane channels that begin at the nucleus and wind through cytoplasm; modify proteins; make lipids |
| golgi apparatus | flattened membranous sacs where proteins and lipids are modified, sorted and shipped for export or interna transport |
| lysosomes | vesicles that carry powerful enzymes that can digest and recycle materials |
| mitochondria | produces ATP (cellular energy) by aerobic respiration |
| chloroplast | captures solar energy and produces glucose via photosynthesis (plant cells only) |
| cytoskeleton | interconnected system of protein filaments that provide structural support and shape to the cell |
| vacuole | fluid-filled chamber; stores metabolic wastes; regulates osmotic pressure |
| ribosomes | sites of protein synthesis |
| cell wall | made of cellulose, exterior to the plasma membrane; protects and structurally supports the cell (plane cells only) |
| kinetic energy | housed in molecules |
| diffusion | the movement of molecules from areas where they are higher in concentration to areas where they are lower in concentration |
| osmosis | the diffusion of water across a selectively permeable membrane |
| hypertonic solution | has a higher concentration of solutes |
| hypottonic solution | has a lower concentration of solutes |
| isotonic solution | has an equal concentration of solutes |
| lysing | hypotonic solution |
| shriveled | hypertonic |
| facilitated diffusion | some substances cross aided by specific transport proteins that act as selective corridors |
| active transport | moves molecules against a concentration gradient. requires the expenditure of ATP and the use of transport proteins |
| cellular respiration | a metabolic pathway, a series of chemical reactions in a cell |
| animal cellular respiration | glucose + oxygen = carbon dioxide + water + energy |
| ATP molecules from one glucose molecule | 38 |
| cristae | the folds in the inner membrane of the mitochondria |
| matrix | the internal fluid of the mitochondria |
| plant cellular respiration | carbon dioxide + water + energy (sun) = glucose + oxygen |
Created by:
mllinnea
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