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DNA and RNA review
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Who preformed the transformation experiment with mice and strains of bacteria to demonstrate that genetic information in a dead cell could be taken up by a living cell into a strain with characteristics of the dead cell? | Griffth |
| Who identified that DNA was the molecule that transformed the R(non-deadly) strain into the S (deadly strain) of bacterium | Avery |
| Who experimented with radioactive bacteriophages to prove that DNA was the transfroming agent | Hersey and Chase |
| A virus that infects bacteria | bacteriophage |
| Does DNA contain phosphorous or sulfur | phosphorous |
| Does protein contain phosphorus or sulfur | sulfur |
| What is the monomer of nucleic acids | nucleotide |
| the three parts of a Nucleotide | 5 carbon sugar, nitrogen base, phosphate group |
| Who discovered the structure of nucleotides in the 1920's | PA Levene |
| What is the name of the sugar in DNA | Deoxyribose |
| What do the letters DNA stand for | Deoxyribonucleic acid |
| The four nitrogen bases | Adenine, thymine, guanine, cytosine |
| Double-ringed nitrogen bases | purines |
| Single-ringed nitrogen bases | pyrimidines |
| Which two DNA nitrogen bases are double-ringed purines | Adenine and Guanine (remember the mnemonic: Big AG) |
| Which two DNA bases are single-ringed pyrimidines | Cytosine and thymine |
| To keep the DNA strands the same distance apart, one purine binds to one ____________ | pyrimidine |
| Who discovered in 1950, that DNA contained equal amounts of cytosine and guanine as well as equal amounts of thymine and adenine | Chargaff |
| What is the name of the rule that states that cytosine is equal to guanine and thymine is equal to adenine | Chargaff's rule |
| Who photographed DNA with X-ray diffraction in 1951 | Rosalind Franklin |
| What is the name of the first photograph of DNA | Photo51 |
| What is the name of the shape of DNA | Double helix |
| Who in 1953 created the first model of DNA | Watson and Crock |
| What makes up the outside strands (backbone) of DNA | Alternating phosphates and sugars |
| What does the nitrogen base bind to: Phosphates or sugars | sugars |
| Which nitrogen base binds to cytosine and three hydrogen bonds | guanine |
| Which nitrogen base binds to thymine with two hydrogen bonds | Adenine |
| A-T and C-G base pairings are called _____________ base pairs | Complementary |
| One strand of DNA runs in the opposite direction from the other in what is called the ____________ | Antiparrallel |
| The carbons on the sugar are numbered 1' to 5' (is read as ______) | Prime |
| The 5' carbon is at the top of one strand and at the _______ of the other strand | bottom |
| The genetic code is the _______ of nitrogen bases | sequences |
| The genetic code is __________ meaning that every organism uses it | Universal |
| DNA making a copy of itself is called _________ replication because part of the new molecule is old and part is new | Semi-conservative |
| To begin replication which enzyme unwinds and unzips the two DNA strands of the parent molecule? | Heilcase |
| As the unzipping occurs, what is created? | A replication fork |
| Which enzyme adds a short RNA molecule to the DNA to mark the DNA replication starting point | DNA polymerase |
| What is the another name for the parent DNA strands that are used as a pattern | templates |
| What is the name of the strand of DNA that is continuously made by adding nucleotides from the 3' end to the 5' ends | leading |
| What is the name of the strand of DNA that is discontinuously made by adding nucleotides in sections or fragments that will later be connected together | lagging |
| The fragments of DNA made during discontinuous replication are called ____________ fragments | Okazaki |
| What is the name of the enzyme that joins the discontinuous fragments and the two complete DNA strands? | Ligase |
| If a DNA parent strand has the sequence __________ what is the DNA complementary strand sequence | ATCTGGTA |
| Each DNA molecule has segments called _____ that code for particular protein | genes |
| Where are proteins made? | Ribosomes |
| What are monomers of proteins? | Amino acids |
| How does DNA get its code (instructions) for making proteins out to the ribosomes | RNA |
| The process of DNA making RNA is called _________ | transcription |
| Which RNA carries the code out to the ribosome | Messager (mRNA) |
| Which RNA makes up two parts of the ribosome? | Ribosomal (rRNA) |
| Which RNA brings amino acids to the ribosome | Transfer (tRNA) |
| Does RNA have one or two strands | one |
| Is RNA twisted | no its straight |
| Does RNA have thymine | no, it has uracil |
| In the whole DNA molecule transcribed as in replication or is just the gene section transcribed | Just the gene |
| What is the name of the protein that binds to DNA to mark where transcription will start | Promoter |
| What forms at the point of transcription and seperated the two DNA strands | A transcription bubble |
| Which enzyme binds to the promoter DNA, generate the transcription bubble, and adds RNA nucleotide complements to the DNA template strand | RNA polymerase |
| Before the RNA can leave the nucleus, it must be _________ | processed |
| What is added to the 5' end of the RNA molecule to mark it for recognition? | A cap |
| What is added to the 3' end of the RNA molecule and is made up of many adenine molecules | A poly a tail |
| What are the names of the non-coding sections of the RNA that are removed? | Introns |
| What are the name of the coding section of RNA that stay in the RNA and leave the nucleus | Exons |
| What do the letters RNA stand for? | Ribonucleic acid |
| What is the difference between the RNA sugar and the DNA sugar? | RNA ribose has one more oxygen atom than deoxyribose |
| The ribosome reads the mRNA during a process called __________ | translation |
| The code or message is read in a set of three nitrogen bases called a ________ or ___________ | Codon; triplet codons |
| A tRNA with an anticodon will bring an _______ to the ribosome | Amino Acid |
| The amino acids are strung together to form a protein by attaching the amino acids together with __________ bonds the process called protein ____________ | peptide and synthesis |
| Write the complementary mRNA sequence for the following DNA: TACGGGCATACT | mRNA: AUGCCCGUAUGA |
| Write down the amino acids that the mRNA codes: | Met Pro Val Step |
| DNA is considered the hereditary "code of _____" | life |
| One long continuous stretch DNA that has been compacted and wrapped around proteins is called a ____________ | Chromosome |
| Humans have how many chromosomes in the nucleus of almost every cell | 46 |
| If the 46 chromosomes from one check cell were unraveled and lined up end-to-end, how long would be? | 6 feet |
| How does the cell get 6 feet of DNA into the small nucleus which takes up only 10% of the cell's volume? | By wrapping itself around proteins (coiling and Spoling) |
| What are the proteins called that the DNA wraps around | Histones |
| One set of four histones with DNA wrapped around it is called a _________ | nucleosome |
| What is the of the fiber that forms when the nucleosomes coil and condense | chromatin |
| Chromatin condenses and coils into ________ | Chromosomes |
| Can individual chromosomal DNA be seen with the naked eye | No |
| Can you see a large amount of chromosomal DNA with the naked eye? | yes |
| What did you use to collect your cheek cells? | Gatorade |
| WHy was Gatorade used instead of water? It has the same ________ as the cheek cells and will not rupture them too soon | Saltiness |
| Solutions that have the same concentration of salt are said to be ________ to each other | Isotonic |
| WHat was used to rupture the cells to release the DNA once the cells had settled? | Dish detergent solution |
| ONce the dish detergent dissolves the cell membranes, the contents spill out into the tube creating a soup of dissolved membranes, cellular proteins, DNA called cell ________ | Lysate |
| Why can we not see the DNA now? It is ________ in the watery environment (Gatorade has water and dish detergent solution has water.) | Soluble |
| Then, ethanol was added. Why could we see the DNA then? It is __________ in ethanol | Insoluble |
| Pairs of chromosomes that code for different versions of the same trait are called ________ | homologous |
| A picture of pairs chromosomes is called a __________ | karyotype |
| A male has which two sex chromosomes? | XY |
| A female has which two sex chromosomes? | XX |
| A person with Down's syndrome has an extra of which somatic chromosome | 21st |
| What is the name of the process that copies and amplifies the amount of the DNA | PCR- Polymerase chain reaction |
| What is the name of the enzyme that cut the DNA up into small segments | Restriction enzymes |
| What is the name of the process by which DNA is identified as a fingerprint? | Gel electrophoresis |
| The openings in the gels are called | wells |
Created by:
alwalker
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